Manyuko Emari Inobva Mumatunhu
Mari inowanikwa mumatunhu inokosha zvikuru mukutonga munharaunda, senge matunhu, matunhu, uye maguta. Mari iyi inowanikwa nehurumende dzematunhu kuti dzibhadhare mabasa akasiyana-siyana nemapurogiramu ane chinangwa chekuvandudza kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu vemunharaunda. Kunzwisisa kwainobva mari inowanikwa mumatunhu kwakakosha pakugadzirisa bhajeti rematunhu zvinobudirira uye kuona kuti vagari vese vanobatsirwa nezvirongwa zvehurumende. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura kwainobva mari inowanikwa mumatunhu muIndonesia.
1. Mari Yekutanga Yemudunhu (PAD)
Mari inowanikwa muRegional Original Income (PAD) inzvimbo inowanikwa mari inobva mudunhu racho. Iyi inzvimbo inokosha kuhurumende dzemuno nekuti inoratidza kuzvimiririra mune zvemari. PAD ine zvikamu zvikuru zvina:
– Mitero yeDunhu: Mitero yeDunhu imupiro unosungirwa kubva kuruzhinji kuenda kuhurumende yemuno usingagamuchire muripo wakananga. Mitero iyi inosanganisira Mutero weNyika neKuvaka (PBB), mutero wehotera, mutero weresitorendi, mutero wevaraidzo, nezvimwewo. Mitero yeDunhu inzvimbo yakakosha yeRegional Original Revenue (PAD) nekuti inopa mari yakagadzikana.
– Mitero yeDunhu: Mitero yedunhu inobhadharwa nematunhu mukutsinhana nemabasa akananga, akadai semari yebasa, mari yebasa rebhizinesi, uye mimwe mari yekupa marezenisi. Mienzaniso inosanganisira mari yekupaka, mari yemusika, uye mari yemvumo yekuvaka (IMB). Mitero iyi inopa hurumende dzemunharaunda mukana wekuwana mari yakananga kubva kumasevhisi anopiwa veruzhinji.
– Mari Inobva Mukutarisira Zvinhu Zvakaparadzaniswa zveDunhu: Izvi zvinosanganisira migove kubva kuRegionally-Owned Enterprises (BUMD) uye mari inobva mukutarisira zvimwe zvinhu zvedunhu. Semuenzaniso, hurumende yedunhu ine kambani yemvura yekunwa kana imwe kambani yedunhu inogona kuwana mari kuburikidza nekugovana purofiti.
– Mimwe Mari Yemuno Yepamutemo: Iyi mari isingawire muzvikamu zviri pamusoro apa asi ichiri kunzi ndeyepamutemo zvichienderana nemitemo inoshanda. Semuenzaniso, mari inobva mukushandira pamwe kwematunhu akasiyana kana kutengeswa kwezvinhu zvemunzvimbo zvisina kupatsanurwa.
2. Mari Yekuverengera
Bhajeti reBalancing Fund ihomwe inobva muBhajeti reHurumende (APBN) uye inopihwa kumatunhu kuti ibatsire zvinodiwa nematunhu mukuita kuti hurumende ishande nesimba. Mari iyi ine chinangwa chekuderedza kusawirirana kwemari pakati pehurumende yepakati nehurumende dzematunhu, pamwe nepakati pematunhu. Bhajeti reBalancing Fund rine zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru:
– General Allocation Fund (DAU): DAU ibumbiro remari rinoshandiswa kubhadhara zvinodiwa munharaunda. Huwandu hweDAU hunoverengerwa zvichibva pafomura inotarisa mukana wemari uye zvinodiwa zvemari munharaunda yega yega.
– Special Allocation Fund (DAK): Chinangwa cheDAK ndechekubatsira kubhadhara mabasa akakosha anokosheswa nenyika zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nematunhu chaiwo. Semuenzaniso, mari yekuvandudza hutano kana zvivakwa zvedzidzo. DAK inogona kukurudzira matunhu kuti aise pamberi mapurogiramu akakosha.
– Mari Yekugovana Mari (DBH): DBH ihomwe inopihwa kumatunhu zvichibva pamari dzakasiyana-siyana dzehurumende, dzakadai semitero nemitero isiri yemitero, inowanikwa munzvimbo idzodzo. Semuenzaniso, DBH inobva mumigodhi kana minda. Chinangwa ndechekupa kukurudzira kumatunhu kuti atarisire zviwanikwa zviripo zvinobudirira.
3. Mimwe Mari Inowanikwa Mudunhu
Pamusoro pemari inowanikwa munharaunda (PAD) nemari yekuenzanisa, matunhu anogonawo kugamuchira mari kubva kune mamwe masosi epamutemo asingapesani nemitemo nemirau. Masosi aya anosanganisira mari yerubatsiro, zvikwereti zvematunhu, uye mamwe mari yekugovana mitero.
– Mari Yerubatsiro: Hurumende dzemuno dzinogona kugamuchira mari yerubatsiro kubva kunharaunda dzemuno nedzekunze. Mari yerubatsiro iyi inogona kushandiswa pazvinangwa zvakati, sezvakabvumiranwa pakati pemupi nemugamuchiri.
– Zvikwereti zveDunhu: Hurumende dzeDunhu dzinogona kutora zvikwereti kuti dzibhadhare mapurojekiti kana zvinodiwa zvisingakwanise kuzadzikiswa nemari inowanikwa nguva dzose. Zvisinei, zvikwereti izvi zvinofanirwa kutenderwa nehurumende yepakati uye kugadziriswa kuti zvienderane nekukwanisa kwenzvimbo kubhadhara zvikwereti.
– Dzimwe Mari dzeMutero dzeKugovana: Izvi zvinosanganisira mari inogoverwa kubva mumitero yemotokari nemari yekufambisa mota. Mari inogashirwa inoenderana nehukuru hwemari iyi yemitero munzvimbo imwe neimwe.
Kugadzirisa Mari Inowanikwa Mudunhu
Kuti mari inowanikwa mumatunhu iwedzere kunaka, hurumende dzematunhu dzinofanira kushandisa nzira dzakasiyana siyana, dzinosanganisira:
– Kuvandudza Hunhu hweMabasa eVeruzhinji: Nekuvandudza hunhu hwemabasa everuzhinji, hurumende dzemuno dzinogona kukurudzira veruzhinji kutora chikamu mukubhadhara mitero yedunhu nemari yemutero.
– Kuwedzera Mutero neMutero: Kugadzira hurongwa hwemitero hwakarongeka uye kuwedzera huwandu hwemitero kunogona kubatsira kuwedzera mari inobva muchikamu ichi. Kugadzirisa data rezvinhu zvinobhadhariswa mutero uye kushandisa tekinoroji kunogona kutsigira izvi.
– Kushandiswa kweTekinoroji: Kushandiswa kwetekinoroji yeruzivo kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka kwemitero nemitero. Masisitimu ekubhadhara online, kutarisa kwakavakirwa padhijitari, uye mishumo yakabatanidzwa mimwe mienzaniso yemashandisirwo etekinoroji.
– Kutevedzera Mutemo Nguva Dzose: Kutevedzera mutemo nenzira yakarurama uye inogara iripo pakutyora mitemo ine chekuita nemitero nemitero kunogona kuderedza kuburitswa kwemari inowanikwa uye kuwedzera kuvimba kweveruzhinji.
– Kushandira Pamwe Chete Munzvimbo: Kushandira Pamwe Chete Munzvimbo Muzvirongwa Zvakasiyana-siyana Zvebudiriro Kunogona Kubatsira Kuwedzera Mari Inowanikwa Nekushandisa Bhajeti Nekushandisa Mapurojekiti Akanaka.
Matambudziko neMhinduro
Kunyangwe paine nzira dzakasiyana dzekuwana mari, hurumende dzemuno dzinowanzo sangana nematambudziko ekugadzirisa mari, anosanganisira:
– Kuganhurirwa kweZviwanikwa: Kuganhurirwa kwevashandi netekinoroji kunogona kukanganisa kuedza kwekuwedzera mari inowanikwa munharaunda.
– Kusagadzikana kwehupfumi: Kuchinja-chinja kwehupfumi kunogona kukanganisa kugona kwevanhu kubhadhara mitero nemitero.
– Kusiyana kweMatunhu: Kusiyana kwehupfumi nezviwanikwa pakati pematunhu kunogona kukonzera kusawirirana kwemari inowanikwa. Mhinduro yacho iri mukukura kwakaenzana uye kugoverwa kwakakodzera kwemari yakaenzana.
Kuti hurumende igadzirise matambudziko aya, inofanira kuramba ichishanda pamwe chete nevese vane chekuita nemabasa matsva, kusanganisira vemakambani akazvimirira, veruzhinji, nehurumende huru. Kushandisa data kuti pave nekuronga kwakarurama, kutarisa, uye kuongorora mashandisirwo emari yedunhu idanho guru rekuvandudza manyuko emari.
