Dzidziso kubva kuProkaryotic kuenda kuEukaryotic: Kushanduka kweMatambudziko eSero
Pendauluan
Kushanduka kwehupenyu panyika ndeimwe yezvakavanzika zvinonakidza zvakabata masayendisiti kwemazana emakore. Mapoka maviri makuru ezvisikwa, maprokaryotes nemaeukaryotes, anomiririra imwe yematanho akakosha ekushanduka-shanduka. Maprokaryotes, anosanganisira mabhakitiriya nemaarchaea, zvipenyu zviri nyore, zvine sero rimwe chete zvave zviripo kwemabhiriyoni emakore. Kusiyana neizvi, maeukaryotes—anosanganisira maprotists, fungi, zvirimwa, nemhuka—ane masero akaomarara mumaumbirwo. Zvisinei, kuti kuchinja kubva kumasero eprokaryotic ari nyore kuenda kumasero eeukaryotic akaomarara kwakaitika sei kuchiri nyaya yekutsvagisa kwakanyanya uye kukakavadzana. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora dzidziso huru dzinotsanangura kushanduka kubva kumaprokaryotes kuenda kumaeukaryotes.
Kwakatangira Upenyu Hwemasero
Mabhiriyoni emakore apfuura, Pasi raive nzvimbo yakasiyana zvikuru neyariri nhasi. Mhepo yaro yakanga isina okisijeni, uye hupenyu hwemasero hwakanga husati hwavapo. Hupenyu hwekutanga hungangodaro hwakabuda muchimiro chemasero eprokaryotic makore angangoita mabhiriyoni matatu nehafu kusvika mana apfuura. Aya maprokaryotes ndiwo madzitateguru ehupenyu hwese hunozivikanwa nhasi. Akabudirira mumamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara ezvakatipoteredza, zvichiratidza kuchinjika kunoshamisa. Zvisinei, kuchinja kubva kuzvisikwa zveprokaryotic zviri nyore, zvine sero rimwe chete kuenda kuzvisikwa zvakaoma zve eukaryotic kwaida shanduko huru muchimiro chemasero uye mashandiro azvo.
Kufungidzira kweEndosymbiosis
Imwe yedzidziso dzinogamuchirwa zvakanyanya maererano nekushanduka kwemasero eukaryotic ipfungwa ye endosymbiotic, yakatanga kutaurwa nemusayendisiti wekuAmerica Lynn Margulis muna 1967. Zvichienderana nedzidziso iyi, maorganelle akakosha mumasero eukaryotic, akadai se mitochondria nema chloroplast, akatanga semabhakitiriya eprokaryotic akasununguka akaumba hukama hwe symbiotic nesero guru, rekutanga.
1. Mitochondria: Zvinotendwa kuti madzitateguru ekutanga emasero eukaryotic akaputira mabhakitiriya eaerobic, ayo aikwanisa kushandisa okisijeni kugadzira simba zvinobudirira kuburikidza nekufema. Pane kugaya mabhakitiriya aya, sero rehost rakagadzira hukama hunobatsirana. Mabhakitiriya eaerobic akapa simba rinoshanda zviri nani, nepo sero rehost richipa dziviriro nekudya zvinovaka muviri. Nekufamba kwenguva, mabhakitiriya aya akasanganiswa akashanduka kuita mitochondria yemazuva ano.
2. MaChloroplast: Maitiro akafanana anoitika muma chloroplast, anowanikwa mumasero emiti nealgal. Zvinotendwa kuti masero ekutanga eukaryotic akaputira mabhakitiriya ephotosynthetic akadai se cyanobacteria. Izvi zvakapa eukaryotic host mukana wephotosynthetic, zvichiita kuti igadzire chikafu kubva kuzuva, zvichizopedzisira zvashanduka kuita ma chloroplast.
Humbowo hwefungidziro iyi hunosanganisira kufanana kuripo pakati pemitochondria nemakloroplast nemabhakitiriya, zvakaita sekuvapo kweDNA yakatenderera, ribosomes dzakafanana nemab-bacterial ribosomes, uye kugona kupatsanurana kwakazvimirira mukati mesero.
Kuchinja Kwemaumbirwo Uye Mashandiro
Kuchinja kubva paprokaryotes kuenda kueukaryotes kwakanga kusiri kwekungotora mitochondria nemachloroplast chete. Kwakabatanidzawo zvimwe zvakawanda zvekuchinja kwemaumbirwo uye mashandiro, zvinosanganisira:
– Kuumbwa kweNyukireya: Chimwe chezvinhu zvinoratidza masero eukaryotic kuvapo kwenucleus inovhara DNA yavo mukati meNyukireya. Fungidziro yakajairika inoratidza kuti membrane yenyukireya yakashanduka kuburikidza nekubuda kwemembrane yesero mumaprokaryotes ekutanga, kuchengetedza zvinhu zvemajini uye kudzora kutaurwa kwemajini.
– Midziyo Yakaomarara Yemajini: MaEukaryote ane DNA yakareba uye yakaoma kupfuura maprokaryote, akarongwa kuita machromosome akatsetseka. Zvinhu zvinonyora uye RNA yakaomarara yekudzora majini zvakatangawo kugadzirwa.
– Sisitimu yeMakemikoro: MaEukaryote anoumba maumbirwo akaomarara ecytoskeleton, zvichibvumira masero kuchengetedza chimiro chawo, kufambisa zvinhu mukati mesero, uye kutoshandisa flagella necilia pakufamba.
– Kuwedzera Mamwe MaOrganelles: Mamwe maOrganelles akasiyana-siyana, akadai se endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, uye lysosomes, akagadzirwa kuti ashande pakugadzirisa nekutakura mapuroteni uye mamwe mashandisirwo emasero akanyanya kukura.
Basa reSymbiosis muKushanduka-shanduka
Symbiosis, hukama hwezvakatipoteredza pakati pemarudzi maviri anogara ari pedyo, hwakaita basa guru mukushanduka kwekuoma kwemasero. Mukati mekushanduka kubva kumaprokaryotes kuenda kumaeukaryotes, symbiosis haina kungopa mabhenefiti ekuchinja asi yakavhurawo nzira yekuwedzera kuvandudzwa kwemetabolism uye kusiyana-siyana kwakakura kwekushanduka-shanduka. Kubatana kweSymbiotic hakugumiri padanho re organelle; kunogona kubatsira kushanduka kwenharaunda dzakakura, zvichitungamira kusiyana-siyana kwehupenyu kunoonekwa muzvipenyu zvemazuva ano.
Matambudziko neMibvunzo Yakavhurika
Kunyangwe fungidziro yekuti endosymbiosis inogona kupindirana ichigamuchirwa nevakawanda, kuchine matambudziko akawanda nemibvunzo isina kupindurwa, yakaita se:
- Nzira Dzakananga: Kuti nzira yekubudirira yekumedza uye kugadzikana kwenguva refu kwekubatana kwemweya hazvisati zvanyatsonzwisiswa.
– Kwakatangira Mamwe MaOrganelles: Kunyange hazvo mitochondria nemachloroplast zvichinzi zvinobva kumabhakitiriya ekare, kwakabva mamwe maOrganelles mumasero eukaryotic hakusati kwanyatsotsanangurwa.
– Humbowo hweMasarira: Masarira haaratidze ruzivo rwekuchinja nhanho nhanho kubva kumasero eprokaryotic kuenda kumasero eukaryotic, saka ongororo yemajini nehupenyu inoramba iri humbowo hukuru.
Penutup
Kuchinja kubva kumasero eprokaryotic kuenda kumasero eukaryotic kwaive chimwe chezvikamu zvakakosha munhoroondo yehupenyu pasi pano. Kunyange zvazvo kuoma kwekushanduka-shanduka kwemasero kuchiri kuda kutsvagurudzwa kwakakura, dzidziso dzakadai se endosymbiosis dzinopa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pesimba remasero rakagonesa kushanduka-shanduka kwehupenyu. Nekufambira mberi mubiology yemamorekuru uye majini, zuva nezuva tinoswedera pedyo nekunzwisisa kwakadzama kwekuti hupenyu uhwu hwakaoma hwakashanduka sei. Kuongorora shanduko iyi hakungowedzere kunzwisisa kwedu biology yekutanga asiwo kuti hupenyu hunochinja sei uye hunobudirira sei pasinei nematambudziko anogara achichinja ezvakatipoteredza.
