Musoro: Kuumbwa Kwemasero
Mubhayoloji, masero ndiwo mayuniti makuru ehupenyu. Semayuniti madiki anokwanisa kuita mabasa ehupenyu, masero anoumba zvipenyu zvese, kubva kuzvisikwa zvemasero mamwechete zvakaita semabhakitiriya kusvika kuzvinhu zvine masero akawanda zvakaita semiti, mhuka, nevanhu. Kunzwisisa kuumbwa kwemasero ndiko kwakakosha pakunzwisisa mashandiro anoita zvipenyu, kukura, uye kubatana kwazvinoita nenzvimbo yazvo. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora zvikamu zvikuru zvinoumba masero uye kuti chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinobatsira sei pabasa rese resero.
1. Kamudzira kesero
Kamudzira kesero, kana kuti plasma membrane, ndiyo chimiro chekunze chinofukidza zviri mukati mesero. Yakaumbwa nezvikamu zviviri zvemafuta nemapuroteni, kamudzira kesero kanoshanda sechidziviriro chinodzora kupinda nekubuda kwezvinhu. Mamorekuru emafuta, kunyanya maphospholipid, anoumba zvikamu zviviri nemiswe yawo yemvura inotarisana uye misoro yayo yemvura inotarisana kunze uye mukati mesero. Mapuroteni ari mukati mekamudzira anoshanda mabasa akasiyana-siyana, anosanganisira kutakura mamorekuru, kuziva zviratidzo, uye kuchengetedza chimiro chesero.
2. Cytoplasm
Mukati me membrane yesero mune cytoplasm, chinhu chakaita sejeri umo ma organelle ese ese esero anoiswa. Cytoplasm iyi ine cytosol, mvura ine mvura, munyu, uye mamorekuru e organic. Inoshandawo senzira yekuchinjana kwemakemikari uye inopa framework inotsigira sero.
3. Nhunzi yeNyukireya
Nheyo ndiyo nzvimbo inodzora sero, ine zvinhu zvemajini muchimiro cheDNA. Yakakomberedzwa nekamuviri kaviri kanozivikanwa senuclear envelope, nyeyo iyi inodzora kukura kwesero, metabolism, uye kupatsanurwa kwayo nekuchinja matauriro emajini. Mukati menyuko mune nucleolus, uko ribosome inosangana.
4. MaRibosome
MaRibosomes imhando yemapuroteni neRNA zvinoumba mapuroteni. Anowanikwa achiyangarara zvakasununguka mu cytoplasm kana kuti akabatana ne rough endoplasmic reticulum. MaRibosomes anoshandura mirairo yemajini kubva kuRNA kuita ma polypeptide chains, ayo anobva apetwa kuita mapuroteni anoshanda.
5. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Endoplasmic reticulum inetwork yema membrane akapfava uye akaomarara anowanikwa mukati me cytoplasm. Kune mhando mbiri dzeER: rough ER, ine ribosomes pamusoro payo uye inoita basa mukugadzirwa kwemapuroteni, uye smooth ER, inoshanda mukugadzirwa kwemafuta uye kubvisa tsvina mumuviri.
6. Mudziyo weGolgi
Golgi apparatus inhengo ine masaga akawanda. Mabasa ayo anosanganisira kugadzirisa, kurongedza, uye kupararira kwemapuroteni nemafuta anogadzirwa ne endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus inogadzirawo ma vesicles anogona kutakura mamorekuru kuenda kunzvimbo dzawo dzekupedzisira mukati kana kunze kwesero.
7. Mitochondria
Mitochondria inozivikanwa se "simba remasero," inhengo dzinogadzira adenosine triphosphate (ATP), iyo inonyanya kupa simba kumasero. Ichishandisa okisijeni neglucose kuburikidza nekufema kwemasero, mitochondria inogadzira simba rinodiwa pamabasa akasiyana-siyana emasero.
8. Lysosomes
MaLysosomes ma vesicles ane ma enzymes ekugaya chikafu. Ane basa rekuparadza marara emasero, malysosomes anobatsira kudzokorodza zvikamu zvemasero zvakakuvara kana kuti zvisingachadiwi uye anoita basa rakakosha mukuchengetedza homeostasis yemasero.
9. Mapfupa eSitoskeleton
Cytoskeleton ine mitsetse midiki, mitsetse yepakati, uye mitsetse midiki, iyo inotsigira chimiro chemasero uye inochengetedza chimiro chemasero. Inoshandawo mukutakura ma vesicles uye organelles uye inobvumira kufamba kwemasero.
10. Peroxisomes
Peroxisomes inhengo dzine ma enzymes anoputsa mafuta acids uye anobvisa chepfu, kunyanya peroxides inokuvadza, nekugadzira mvura neokisijeni. Basa iri rakakosha pakudzivirira masero kubva mukukuvadzwa kwe oxidative.
11. Vacuole
Mumiti, mavacuole makuru anoshanda sekuchengetedza zvinovaka muviri nemarara, kudzora kumanikidzwa kwe turgor kuchengetedza chimiro chemasero, uye kubatsira kudzivirira kukuvara kunobva kuzvinhu zvinokuvadza. Mavacuole anowanikwawo mumhando diki mumasero emhuka, achiita basa rekuchengetera nekutakura.
12. Makororoplast
Ma chloroplast anowanikwa chete mumasero emiti uye mune mamwe ma photosynthetic protists. Aine chlorophyll ine pigment yegirini, ma chloroplast ndiwo anokonzera photosynthesis, maitiro anoshandura simba rechiedza kubva kuzuva kuita simba remakemikari muchimiro cheglucose, ukuwo achigadzira okisijeni sechinhu chimwe chete.
Muchidimbu, chikamu chimwe nechimwe chesero chine basa rakasiyana asi rinobatsirana mukuchengetedza sero riri mupenyu, richibereka, uye richiita mabasa aro ehupenyu. Kubva pamembrane yemasero inodzivirira uye inodzora kusvika ku mitochondria inogadzira simba, musanganiswa uyu wakaoma uye wakarongeka wezvikamu unoita kuti hupenyu sezvatinozviziva huvepo. Kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwekuumbwa kwemasero hakungobatsiri chete mubiology asiwo kunovhura nzira yekugadzira zvinhu zvitsva mukurapa, biotechnology, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzinokanganisa hutano hwevanhu nekukura kwavo.
