Manyuko Emari yeHurumende
Mari inowanikwa nehurumende chinhu chakakosha pakutarisira mari yenyika. Ine basa rekubhadhara mari inoshandiswa nehurumende, kungave mukuvandudza zvivakwa, dzidzo, hutano, kana dziviriro. Saka, kunzwisisa kwakabva mari inowanikwa nehurumende kwakakosha kuti pave nemufananidzo wakazara wekuti mari yenyika inobatwa sei. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora zvakadzama manyuko akakosha emari inowanikwa nehurumende.
1. Mutero
Mitero ndiyo nzira huru yekuwana mari munyika dzakawanda, kusanganisira Indonesia. Mitero inobhadhariswa semipiro inosungirwa kubhadharwa nevanhu nemakambani kuhurumende. Mitero yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvichienderana nemusoro wenyaya nechinangwa chavo:
– Mutero weMari (PPh): Mutero uyu unobhadharwa pamari inowanikwa kana kuwanikwa nevanhu kana masangano ebhizinesi. MuIndonesia, PPh yakakamurwa kuita mhando dzakasiyana-siyana, dzakadai sePPh Article 21 yevashandi, PPh Article 22 yekutengeserana, uye PPh Article 23 yeroyalties uye dividends.
– Mutero Wekuwedzera Mutengo (VAT): VAT inobhadhariswa pazvinhu nemasevhisi anotengeswa. Uyu mutero usina kunanga uye unopfuudzwa kumutengi wekupedzisira. VAT ndeimwe yenzvimbo huru dzinobhadhariswa mutero nekuti zvinhu zvese nemasevhisi zvinobhadhariswa mutero uyu.
– Mutero weIvhu neZvekuvaka (PBB): Mutero uyu unobhadhariswa pamuridzi wevhu nezvivakwa. Mari inobhadharwa inowanzo verengerwa zvichienderana nemutengo wekutengesa unobvisirwa mutero (NJOP).
– Mutero weKutumira Zvinhu Kunze Kwenyika: Unoiswa pazvinhu zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika kana zvinopinzwa kunze kwenyika, mutero uyu une chinangwa chekudzora kufamba kwezvinhu uye kudzivirira maindasitiri emuno kubva kumakwikwi asina kunaka.
2. Mari yeHurumende Isiri Yemitero (PNBP)
Pamusoro pemitero, hurumende inowanawo mari kubva kuNon-Tax State Revenue (PNBP). Iyi imari inowanikwa kubva kune dzimwe nzvimbo, dzakadai se:
– Migove yeMakambani Ehurumende: Makambani ehurumende anofanirwa kubhadhara migove kubva papurofiti yawo. Makambani ehurumende akaita sePT Pertamina, PT PLN, uye PT Telkom Indonesia anopa migove yakawanda kumari inowanikwa nehurumende.
– Mari inowanikwa nezviwanikwa zvechisikigo: Inosanganisira mari inowanikwa kubva muzvibvumirano zvemasango, muripo wemigodhi, uye mari yekubata hove. Nyika dzine zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvechisikigo, zvakaita seIndonesia, dzinowanzo gamuchira mari yakawanda kubva muchikamu ichi.
– Mari dzeFaindi neZvirango: Hurumende inowanawo mari kubva mumari dzefaindi nezvirango zvakaiswa pamhosva dzemutemo, dzakadai sekutyora mitemo yemumugwagwa nemari dzekuchengetedzwa kwenharaunda.
– Kutarisira Zvinhu zveHurumende: Kunosanganisira kurenda zvivakwa kana ivhu rehurumende, pamwe chete nemigumisiro yekushanda kubva mukudyara kwehurumende kwakadai sekudyara muzvisungo kana sukuk.
3. Chikwereti
Kana mari yemitero nemari isiri yemitero yenyika isingakwani kubhadhara mari inoshandiswa nehurumende, dzimwe nguva hurumende inofanira kukwereta mari. Chikwereti ichi chinogona kubva mukati menyika kana kunze kwenyika:
– Chikwereti Chemumba: Hurumende inogona kupa mabhondi kana zvibatiso zvehurumende pamusika wezvemari wemuno. Veruzhinji nemasangano emuno anokurudzirwa kutora chikamu mukubhadhara mari iyi.
– Chikwereti Chekunze: Chikwereti ichi chinogona kubva kune dzimwe nyika kana masangano epasi rose akadai seWorld Bank neIMF. Kunyange zvazvo chichigona kuwedzera mari inowanikwa, chikwereti ichi chinofanira kutarisirwa nokungwarira kudzivirira kuwedzera kwemutoro wekubhadhara mune ramangwana.
4. Mari dzekubatsira
Rubatsiro rwemari imhando yerubatsiro rwemari rwunopihwa neimwe nyika kana sangano repasi rose, iro risingawanzo kubhadharwa. Rubatsiro rwemari runowanzo kupihwa kumapurojekiti chaiwo anoonekwa seakakosha mubudiriro yenyika. Kunyange zvazvo rubatsiro rusina kukosha semamwe manyuko emari, rubatsiro rwemari runogona kuita basa guru mukubhadhara mapurojekiti chaiwo.
5. Zvimwe
– Mari Inobva Mumarotari Akarongeka Nekubhejera: Dzimwe nyika, kunyange dzisiri dzese, dzinobvumidza uye dzinobhadharisa mari mumarotari nekubhejera. Mari inobva muchikamu ichi inowanzoiswazve muzvirongwa zvemagariro evanhu.
- Purofiti Yekuchengetedza uye Yekudyara: Kunze kwekudyara zvakananga, hurumende inogonawo kuwana purofiti kubva mukuchinja kwekukosha kwezvinhu zvakachengetwa zvakaita segoridhe kana mari yekunze.
Matambudziko muMari yeHurumende
Kugadzirisa mari inowanikwa nehurumende hakusi nyore. Hurumende inosangana nematambudziko akati wandei mukutarisira nekuwedzera mari inowanikwa:
– Kudzivirira Mitero: Chimwe chezvinetso zvikuru kudzivirira mitero, kungave kuburikidza nemabasa epamutemo akadai sekuronga mitero kana asiri pamutemo akadai sekudzivisa mitero. Kuwedzera kwekutarisa uye kushandiswa kwetekinoroji yeruzivo kwakakosha kurwisa izvi.
– Kusagadzikana kweMitengo yeZvinhu: Nyika dzinovimba nemari inobva kuzviwanikwa zvechisikigo dzinofanira kugadzirira kutarisana nekushanduka-shanduka kwemitengo yezvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa mari inowanikwa.
– Kuchinja Kwehupfumi Hwenyika Yose: Matambudziko ehupfumi hwenyika yose kana kuchinja-chinja kwemitengo yekutsinhana kwemari zvinogona kukanganisa mari inowanikwa nehurumende, kunyanya kunyika dzinovimba nekutengeserana kwenyika dzese.
– Kushanda Nekushanda Kwemakambani Ari Munyika: Mibairo kubva kuMakambani Ari Munyika inogona kuwedzera kana kushanda zvakanaka uye purofiti yemakambani aya zviri nani.
Mhedziso
Manyuko akasiyana-siyana emari yenyika anopa hwaro hwakasimba hwekutarisira mari yenyika zvakanaka. Mitero ndiyo chikamu chikuru, asi mari yehurumende isiri yemitero (PNBP), chikwereti, mari yerubatsiro, nezvimwe zvinhu zvinoitawo basa rakakosha. Kuti mari iwanikwe yakawanda, hurumende inofanira kushanda nesimba mukugadzirisa matambudziko aripo, akadai sekuvandudza mashandiro emakambani ehurumende (SOEs), kudzivirira kunzvenga mitero, uye kugadzirisa shanduko dzehupfumi hwenyika. Nekutarisira kwakanaka, mari yehurumende inogona kushandiswa zvakanyanya kusimudzira budiriro nekugara zvakanaka kwevanhu.
