Dzidziso yeMaitiro Evanhu Tsika dzinowanzonzwisiswa seseti yenheyo dzinobatsira vanhu kusiyanisa pakati pezviito zvakanaka nezvisina kunaka. Zvisinei, muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kutonga kwetsika hakusi nyore nguva dzose sekuti "izvi zvakanaka" kana kuti "izvi zvakaipa." Kune mamiriro akawanda anoita kuti chiito chiite sechakanaka mune imwe mamiriro ezvinhu asi chisina kunaka mune imwe. … Verenga zvakawanda
Pfungwa yeHunhu muDeontological Ethics Hunhu ndeimwe yenyaya dzakakosha muhuzivi hwetsika, sezvo iine chekuita nemubvunzo wekuti: chii chinoita kuti chiito chive chakanaka kana chakaipa? Imwe nzira ine simba guru yekupindura mubvunzo uyu ndeye deontological ethics. Kusiyana nenzira dzinoongorora hunhu zvichibva pamigumisiro, deontological ethics inosimbisa kuti hunhu hunonyanya... Verenga zvakawanda
Zvinoreva Nihilism Sekureva kwaNietzsche Nihilism ndeimwe yemashoko akakurumbira muuzivi hwaFriedrich Nietzsche. Zvisinei, izwi iri rinowanzo nzwisiswa zvisirizvo se "kungotenda muchinhu chisina chinhu," "hupenyu hauna chinhu," kana "chero chinhu chinobvumirwa nekuti hapana tsika." Kuna Nietzsche, nihilism haisi kungoona semunhu asina tariro, asi chiitiko chakakura mutsika dzekuMadokero: mamiriro enhoroondo apo... Verenga zvakawanda
Kant nedzidziso yerunako Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) mumwe wevazivi vane simba guru munhoroondo yemafungiro ekuMadokero. Anozivikanwa zvikuru nemabasa ake makuru mu epistemology netsika, asi mipiro yake ku aesthetics—kunyanya dzidziso yake yerunako—haina kukosha zvakanyanya. MuCritique of Judgment yake (1790), Kant akagadzira hurongwa hwe aesthetic hwakaedza… Verenga zvakawanda
Pfungwa yeKuvapo Maererano naHeidegger Martin Heidegger (1889–1976) aive mumwe wevazivi vane simba zvikuru vezana remakore rechi20, kunyanya kuburikidza nebasa rake Sein und Zeit (Kuvapo Nenguva, 1927). Mubhuku iri, Heidegger akabvunza mubvunzo waaifunga kuti ndiwo wakakosha asi wakanyanya kufuratirwa munhoroondo yeuzivi hwekuMadokero: zvinorevei kuti "kuvapo" kana kuti "kuvapo" (Kuvapo/Sein)? Kusiyana netsika dzekufungidzira… Verenga zvakawanda
Pfungwa yeKuvapo Maererano naHeidegger Martin Heidegger (1889–1976) aive mumwe wevazivi vane simba zvikuru vezana remakore rechi20, kunyanya kuburikidza nebasa rake Sein und Zeit (Kuvapo Nenguva, 1927). Mubhuku iri, Heidegger akabvunza mubvunzo waaifunga kuti ndiwo wakakosha asi wakanyanya kufuratirwa munhoroondo yeuzivi hwekuMadokero: zvinorevei kuti "kuvapo" kana kuti "kuvapo" (Kuvapo/Sein)? Kusiyana netsika dzekufungidzira… Verenga zvakawanda
Pfungwa yetsika Sekureva kwaAl-Farabi. Al-Farabi (akafa muna 950 CE) aive mumwe wevazivi vakuru mutsika dzechiIslam, anowanzo nzi "Mudzidzisi Wechipiri" mushure maAristotle. Zita remadunhurirwa iri rinoratidza simba guru repfungwa dzechiGiriki—kunyanya pfungwa nepfungwa dzinoshanda—mumabasa ake. Zvisinei, Al-Farabi haana kungotevedzera Aristotle kana Plato; akadudzira nekugadzira pfungwa dzavo mukati mehurongwa hwakakodzera… Verenga zvakawanda
Kutsoropodza kwaNietzsche kweTsika Friedrich Nietzsche mumwe wevazivi vane simba uye vanokakavadzana munhoroondo yemafungiro emazuva ano. Anozivikanwa nekutsoropodza kwake kwakasimba nheyo dzetsika dzekuMadokero—kunyanya tsika dzechiKristu uye nhaka yehuzivi hwetsika hunosimbisa basa, kuenzana, uye kuzvidzora sehunhu hwepamusoro-soro. Kuna Nietzsche, tsika dzakanyanya muEurope yanhasi hachisi chinhu… Verenga zvakawanda
Pragmatism neDzidziso yeChokwadi Pragmatism ndeimwe yezvikoro zvine simba zvikuru zveuzivi mutsika yemazuva ano yekufunga, kunyanya muUnited States. Chinangwa chayo chikuru hachisi pakutsvaga chokwadi sechinhu "chakachena" uye chakasiyana nehupenyu, asi pane mashandiro anoita pfungwa muzviitiko zvevanhu. Mupragmatism, kukosha kwepfungwa kunoedzwa nemigumisiro yayo inoshanda: kana ichibatsira... Verenga zvakawanda
Dzidziso yeChokwadi muEpistemology Nhanganyaya Epistemology ibazi reuzivi rinoongorora ruzivo: kuti chii, kuti runowanikwa sei, miganhu yaro, uye kuti runogona kururamiswa kusvika papi. Mukati meepistemology, kukurukurirana kwechokwadi kune nzvimbo yakakosha, sezvo ruzivo runowanzonzwisiswa sekutenda kwechokwadi uye kwakarurama. Zvisinei, mubvunzo wekuti "chii chiri chokwadi?" hausi... Verenga zvakawanda