Nhoroondo Yakakwana yeHolocaust
Kuurayiwa kwevaJudha muHolocaust kunoonekwa seimwe yehutsinye hunotyisa munhoroondo yevanhu, chirongwa chekuparadza vanhu chakarongwa nehurumende yeNazi yaAdolf Hitler. Kubva muna 1941 kusvika 1945, maJuda angangoita mamiriyoni matanhatu, pamwe chete nemamiriyoni evamwe vanosanganisira vanhu veRoma, vakaremara, vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika, uye ngochani, vakafa mukuedza kutsakatisa vanhu kwakatsigirwa nehurumende. Kunzwisisa kuurayiwa kwevaJudha muHolocaust kunoda kuongororwa kwete chete kwezviitiko zvinoibatanidza asiwo mamiriro ekare, mafungiro, uye maitiro akabvumira hutsinye hwakakura kudaro.
Maonero Enhoroondo Nepfungwa Dzakasiyana-siyana
Nheyo dzeHolocaust dzakadzika midzi munhoroondo refu yekuvenga vaJudha muEurope. VaJudha vanga vachisarurwa uye vachitambudzwa kwemazana emakore, vachiwanzopomerwa mhosva yekuoma kwehupfumi nematambudziko emagariro evanhu. Rusaruro urwu rwakapa nzvimbo yakanaka yekuti pfungwa dzeNazi dzikure.
Adolf Hitler, uyo akava Chancellor weGermany muna 1933, akaparadzira rudzi rwakanyanya rwenyika rwaiona vaJudha sevanhu vasiri vanhu uye muvengi mukuru wevanhu veGermany. Mein Kampf, gwaro rake rehupenyu hwake, akatsanangura zvaaitenda mukuchena kwerudzi uye kudiwa kweLebensraum, kana nzvimbo yekugara, yerudzi rweAryan. Maonero aya erudzi akatsigira kuwedzera kwechisimba uye kubviswa kwemapoka "akaderera".
Kumuka kweHurumende yeNazi
VaNazi, vachitungamirirwa naHitler, vakakurumidza kusimbisa simba muGermany. Vakatanga shanduko huru, kusanganisira Enbling Act ya1933 iyo yaibvumira Hitler kutonga nemutemo. SA (Sturmabteilung) neSS (Schutzstaffel), masangano ekare echiuto, akava zvishandiso zvikuru zvekutyisidzira.
VaJudha vakatorerwa kodzero dzavo zvishoma nezvishoma kuburikidza nemitemo yakaita seNuremberg Laws ya1935, iyo yairambidza kuroorana kwevagari vemuGermany uye yakabvisa vaJudha kuva vagari vemuGermany. Kusatendeseka kwevanhu kwakawedzera neKristallnacht (Husiku hweBroken Glass) muna 1938, nhevedzano yemhirizhonga yechisimba yakarongwa nehurumende muGermany neAustria iyo yakatungamira mukusungwa kwezviuru zvevaJudha uye kuparadzwa kwepfuma yevaJudha.
Kutanga kweHondo Yenyika II
Kupinda kwePoland munaGunyana 1939 kwakaratidza kutanga kweHondo Yenyika II uye kuwedzera kukuru kwemitemo yeNazi yekurwisa maSemite. Maghetto akatangwa munzvimbo dzakatorwa, dzakadai seWarsaw neŁódź, kuti aparadzanise vaJudha nevamwe vanhu. Maghetto aya aizivikanwa nekuzara kwevanhu, nzara, uye zvirwere.
Operation Barbarossa, kurwiswa kweSoviet Union muna 1941, kwakaratidza kuwedzera kwakanyanya kwehutsinye hweNazi. Mapoka ekuuraya eEinsatzgruppen, aifamba-famba, akatevera Wehrmacht kuti vagare vachiuraya vanhuwo zvavo vechiJudha, makomunisiti, uye vatsigiri vebato rezvematongerwo enyika. Munguva iyi yakaona kupfurwa kwevanhu vakawanda, nenzvimbo dzakadai seBabi Yar nePonary Forest dzichiva nemukurumbira wekuuraya vanhu vakawanda.
Iyo yekupedzisira Solution
Musangano weWannsee, wakaitwa muna Ndira 1942, waive nenguva yakakosha, uchigadzira shanduko kubva pakutambudzwa kwekare uye maitiro ekuisa vanhu mujeri kuenda ku "Mhinduro Yekupedzisira" - hurongwa hwakadzama hwekuparadza zvachose vanhu vechiJudha. Reinhard Heydrich, mukuru weSS, nevamwe vakagadzira kuurayiwa kwevanhu kwakarongeka kwaizosanganisira kudzingwa mumisasa yekuparadza nekupondwa kwemaindasitiri.
Misasa yakati wandei yerufu yakavambwa, kunyanya muPoland yakatorwa: Auschwitz-Birkenau, Treblinka, Belzec, Sobibor, neChelmno. Auschwitz-Birkenau yakava nzvimbo ine mukurumbira wakanyanya, nevaJudha vanosvika mamiriyoni 1.1 vakapondwa ipapo. Misasa iyi yaishandisa makamuri egasi kuuraya vanhu vakawanda, uye Zyklon B ndiyo nzira yaifarirwa. Kubudirira kwemaitiro aya kwakatyisa kunyange vamwe vevaNazi vaipara mhosva.
Kuramba uye Kutsungirira
Pasinei nehutsinye hwakakura, pakanga paine vanhu vakawanda vaipikisa. Kupanduka kweWarsaw Ghetto muna 1943 kwakaona varwi vechiJudha vachitora zvombo vachirwisa maNazi vachiedza kupona. Kunyangwe vakazopedzisira vakundwa, zviito zvakadaro zvekupandukira zvakasimbisa ushingi nekusimba kwevaJudha.
Kudivi rakavanda, vanhu vazhinji nemapoka vakabatsira pakununura nekuviga maJuda. Semuenzaniso, kununura kweDenmark, kwakabudirira kupinza vanhu vechiJudha vese vekuDenmark muSweden vasina kwavakarerekera. Saizvozvowo, magamba akaita saOskar Schindler akashandisa nzvimbo dzavo kuponesa mazana.
Kusunungurwa uye Migumisiro
Mauto eAllied paakapinda munzvimbo dzaitongwa neGermany muna 1944-1945, akatanga kusunungura misasa yevasungwa neyokuuraya vanhu. Kusunungurwa kweAuschwitz muna Ndira 1945 nemauto eSoviet kwakaratidza utsinye hweNazi pasi rose. Vakapona vakaremara, makuva evanhu vakawanda, uye humbowo hwekuurayiwa kwakarongwa zvakapupurira kutyisa kwakaitwa.
Kuwanikwa kwemisasa iyi kwakaita kuti pasi rose rive nehasha uye kwakakurudzira kuedza kuunza avo vane mhosva kumatare edzimhosva. Miedzo yeNuremberg, yakaitwa pakati pa1945 na1946, yakaita kuti vatungamiriri vakuru veNazi vatongwe nekuda kwemhosva dzakaitirwa vanhu, mhosva dzehondo, uye kuurayiwa kwevanhu. Miedzo iyi yakaratidza zvinhu zvakakosha mumutemo wepasi rose, ichisimbisa kuzvidavirira kwemhosva dzakadaro.
Nhaka uye Ndangariro
Hondo yeHolocaust yakasiya chiratidzo chisingakanganwiki papfungwa dzepasi rose. Kugadzwa kwezviyeuchidzo zveHolocaust nemamiziyamu pasi rose kunobatsira kuona kuti ndangariro dzeavo vane hupenyu hunogara huripo. Masangano akaita seYad Vashem muJerusarema neUnited States Holocaust Memorial Museum muWashington DC anoita mabasa akakosha mudzidzo nekurangarira.
Uyezve, vakapona muHolocaust vakabatsira zvikuru kunzwisisa nhoroondo kuburikidza neuchapupu hwavo. Nyaya dzavo dzinopa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro penyaya dzevanhu dzenjodzi iyi, zvichiita kuti zvizvarwa zvinotevera zvinzwisise zvakadzama utsinye hwevanhu pamwe nekusimba kwemweya wemunhu.
Contemporary Reflections
Zvidzidzo zveHolocaust zvichiri kukosha zvikuru nanhasi. Kuwanda kweNazi itsva, mapoka eruvengo, uye kuramba kuripo kwezviitiko zvekurwisa maSemite zvinoratidza kukosha kwekuchenjerera rusaruraganda uye kusaremekedza vamwe. Zvirongwa zvedzidzo nemabasa ekurangarira zvinoramba zvichitamba basa rakakosha mukurwisa kusaziva uye kukurudzira kushivirirana.
Muchidimbu, Holocaust chiyeuchidzo chakajeka chemigumisiro yakaipa yeruvengo nerusarura rusina kudzorwa. Kuburikidza nedzidzo inoramba ichienderera mberi, kurangarira, uye kutsvaga kururama kusingadzoreki, vanhu vanotarisira kudzivirira hutsinye hwakadaro kuti husazomboitikazve. Kuyeuka zvakaitika kare hakungogumiri pakukudza vakaurayiwa asiwo kunosimbisa kutsunga kwedu kuvaka nyika ine ruramisiro netsitsi.
