Nhoroondo yeKubudirira kweMasvomhu Nekufamba Kwenguva
Masvomhu, anowanzonzi mutauro wepasi rose, ane nzvimbo inokosha mukushanduka-shanduka kwevanhu. Anoshanda sedombo guru resainzi, achipesvedzera minda yakasiyana-siyana seinjiniya, hupfumi, fizikisi, uye kunyange hunyanzvi. Nhoroondo yemasvomhu idenderedzwa rakabatana nekufambira mberi kwetsika, zvichiratidza kuchinja kwezvinodiwa uye kuda kuziva kwevanhu kuburikidza nezviuru zvemakore. Chinyorwa chino chinotanga rwendo rwenguva, chichiongorora zviitiko zvikuru nemipiro yakaumba mamiriro emazuva ano emasvomhu.
Mavambo Ekare
Masvomhu angangodaro akatanga nhoroondo isati yanyorwa, sezvinoratidzwa nezvinhu zvekuchera matongo zvakaita sepfupa reIshango kubva kuCongo, rinotangira kuma20,000 BCE. Pfupa iri, rakaiswa maburi, rinoratidza kuchengetwa kwezvinyorwa zvekutanga uye rinogona kuratidza kunzwisisa kuwanda kana masvomhu akareruka.
Zvinyorwa zvepakutanga zvemasvomhu zvakaonekwa muMesopotamia yekare neEgypt kunenge muna 3000 BCE. VaSumerian muMesopotamia vakagadzira sisitimu yakaoma yemetrology, zvikaita kuti pave nesystem yenhamba ine sexagesimal (base-60). Sisitimu iyi yekare ichiri kudzokororwa munguva dzazvino, kunyanya mukukamura nguva kuita masekonzi nemaminitsi.
MuIjipita, masvomhu aikosha zvakaenzana pakushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana, sekuvaka mapiramidhi, kuongorora ivhu, uye kuongorora nyeredzi. Rhind Papyrus (munenge muna 1650 BCE) muenzaniso wakakurumbira. Rugwaro urwu rwemasvomhu rweIjipita runosanganisira matambudziko ejometri uye masvomhu, zvichiratidza nhanho inoshamisa yehunyanzvi.
Nguva Yegoridhe yeGreece
Masvomhu echiGiriki akaratidza nguva yekuchinja uko geometry yakava nzira yekufunga pachayo. Vanhu vane simba vakaita saThales weMiletus naPythagoras, munenge muzana remakore rechitanhatu BCE, ndivo vakaisa nheyo dzekutanga. Dzidziso yePythagorean, kunyange zvazvo yaizivikanwa nenyanzvi dzemasvomhu dzeBhabhironi mazana emakore apfuura, yakagamuchira humbowo hwepamutemo kuburikidza nebasa raPythagoras.
Maitiro eEuclidean, akatangwa naEuclid mubhuku rake guru rinonzi "Elements" kunenge muna 300 BCE, akaronga ruzivo rwemasvomhu kuita maaxioms ne theorems. Hurongwa hwaEuclid hwekutsvaga ruzivo hwakava chiyero chegoridhe kwemazana emakore, huchipesvedzera vese masvomhu echiIslam nenyanzvi dzekuEurope panguva yeRenaissance.
Aristarchus wekuSamos, Archimedes, naApollonius wekuPerga vakasimudzira masvomhu echiGiriki nemipiro yakaita semamodheru ezuva, misimboti yecalculus, uye zvikamu zveconic, zvichiteerana. Basa raArchimedes pakuverenga nzvimbo nemavhoriyamu rakafanoratidza integral calculus, zvichiratidza uchenjeri hukuru uye hunyanzvi.
Masvomhu muNguva Yegoridhe yeIslam
Mushure mekuderera kweHumambo hweRoma, Europe yakasangana nenguva yekusamira zvakanaka, inowanzonzi Nguva dzeDark Ages. Munguva iyi, Nguva yeGolden Age yeIslam (zana remakore rechi8 kusvika rechi14) yakava musimboti wepfungwa dzemasvomhu. Nyanzvi dzechiMuslim dzakachengetedza nekuwedzera ruzivo rwechiGiriki nechiHindu, dzichivaka zambuko pakati petsika.
Nyanzvi yekuverenga manhamba muPersia inonzi Al-Khwarizmi (anenge 780-850 CE), aiwanzoonekwa semuvambi we algebra, akanyora kuti “Kitab al-Mukhtasar fi Hisab al-Jabr wal-Muqabala” (The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing). Basa iri rakaisa hwaro hwe algebra, richitanga nzira dzekugadzirisa ma equation ari pamutsetse neanosvika quadratic.
Imba yeUchenjeri muBaghdad yakava nzvimbo huru yepfungwa, uko nyanzvi dzakashandura magwaro echiGiriki makuru uye dzakapa mipiro yekutanga. Omar Khayyam (1048-1131) akafambira mberi nemhinduro dze algebraic dze cubic equations, ukuwo Al-Haytham (965-1040), anozivikanwa saAlhazen kuMadokero, akapa mipiro yakakura ku optics ne geometric theories.
Kuvandudzwa Kwemazuva Ano uye Kuberekwa Kwemasvomhu Emazuva Ano
Nguva yeRenaissance, yakatora makore angangoita zana remakore rechi14 kusvika rechi17, yakaona kuvandudzwa kwekudzidza netsika muEurope yese. Nguva iyi yakaratidza kutanga kwemasvomhu emazuva ano, zvichikurudzirwa nekugadzirwa kwemichina yekudhinda uye kufarira kwakawedzerwa mabasa ekare.
Muna 1543, gore rimwe chete iro Nicolaus Copernicus akaburitsa dzidziso yake yekutarisa denga, nyanzvi yemasvomhu yekuItaly Gerolamo Cardano akaburitsa "Ars Magna" (The Great Art), iyo yakapa nzira dzekugadzirisa ma cubic nema quartic equations. Basa iri rakaratidza mweya wekuda kuziva kweRenaissance uye rakaisa hwaro hwekuvandudzwa kwe algebra mune ramangwana.
Zana remakore rechi17 raive nguva yechimurenga yemasvomhu. René Descartes akaburitsa “La Géométrie” muna 1637, achisuma hurongwa hweCartesian coordinate hwaibatanidza algebra negeometry mubazi idzva remasvomhu rinonzi analytic geometry. Panguva iyi, basa raPierre de Fermat mudzidziso yenhamba uye mukana rakagadzira nzira yekutsvaga masvomhu mune ramangwana.
Isaac Newton naGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz vakazvigadzira vega calculus mukupera kwezana remakore rechi17, kufambira mberi kukuru kwakapa maturusi ekuratidza shanduko dzinoramba dzichiitika. Kufambira mberi uku kwemasvomhu kwakapesvedzera zvakanyanya fizikisi, mainjiniya, nezvimwewo.
Nguva Yekujekeserwa Uye Kupfuura
Mazana emakore echi18 nerechi19, anozivikanwa seNguva yeKujekeswa, akaonekwa nekuwedzera kwekuwana masvomhu uye kurongeka kwayo. Zvakabuda naLeonhard Euler zvakawanda zvaisanganisira kufambira mberi kukuru mu topology, dzidziso yegirafu, uye kuunzwa kwezvino masvomhu zvemazuva ano zvakaita se function notation f(x) .
Carl Friedrich Gauss, anowanzo remekedzwa se "Muchinda weMasvomhu," akapa mipiro inoshamisa mudzidziso yenhamba, nhamba, uye geometry isiri yeEuclidean. Basa rake panhamba dzakaoma uye humbowo hweFundamental Theorem yeAlgebra zvakaratidza hunyanzvi hwake.
Muzana remakore rechi19 makaonekwa kubatanidzwa kwekuongorora kwemasvomhu, naAugustin-Louis Cauchy, Karl Weierstrass, nevamwe vachinyatsogadzira calculus. Nguva iyi yakaberekawo minda mitsva yakaita se abstract algebra ne set theory. Basa raGeorg Cantor rekuchinja-chinja pa set theory rakaunza pfungwa yehukuru hwakasiyana hwe infinity, zvichichinja zvakanyanya kunzwisisa kwe mathematical infinity.
Masvomhu emuzana remakore rechi20 neMasvomhu emazuva ano
Zana remakore rechi20 rakazivisa kusiyanisa uye hunyanzvi mu masvomhu, zvichikurudzirwa nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji nekukurumidza uye kuoma kwezvinetso zvitsva. Mharidzo yaDavid Hilbert muna 1900 muParis yakatsanangura matambudziko makumi maviri nematatu asina kugadziriswa, ichiisa hurongwa hwekutsvaga kukuru muzana rino remakore.
Kuvandudzwa kwemakomputa kwakachinja masvomhu, zvichiita kuti pave nekutevedzera nhamba nemhinduro dzaisambofungidzirika. Basa raAlan Turing pamusoro pekushandisa macomputer nemaalgorithms rakaisa nheyo dzesainzi yekombuta.
Dzidziso yenyonganyonga, fractals, uye masvomhu ekugadzirisa masisitimu akaomarara zvakabuda senzvimbo huru dzekutsvagisa, zvichiratidza kubatana kwakaoma kwemasvomhu nedzimwe nzvimbo dzesainzi. Zvinoshamisa kuti munda uyu wakaonawo kugadziriswa kwematambudziko ekare, akadai sehumbowo hweFermat's Last Theorem naAndrew Wiles muna 1994, humbowo hwekutsvaga ruzivo kwenguva refu.
mhedziso
Nhoroondo yemasvomhu inoratidza kuda kuziva kwevanhu, hunyanzvi hwavo, uye kutsvaga ruzivo nguva dzose. Kubva pamavambo ekare kusvika kuma algorithms akareba emakombiyuta emazuva ano, masvomhu akashanduka kuita hunyanzvi hwakakura uye hwakaoma. Rwendo urwu harungoratidzi kufambira mberi kwetsika asiwo runosimbisa hunhu hwepfungwa dzemasvomhu dzinogara dziripo. Sezvatinopinda muzana remakore rechi21, ramangwana remasvomhu rinovimbisa kuva rinochinja-chinja sezvakaitika kare.
