Kukosha kweChiziviso cheAmerica cheKuzvimirira
Chiziviso cheKuzvitonga cheAmerica, chakatorwa musi wa4 Chikunguru, 1776, igwaro rinokosha munhoroondo yeUnited States nepasi rose. Chakanyorwa zvakanyanya naThomas Jefferson, pamwe chete nepfungwa dzevanhu vakakosha vakaita saJohn Adams naBenjamin Franklin, Chiziviso ichi chakazivisa kuparadzaniswa kwemakoloni gumi nematatu eAmerica kubva kuGreat Britain uye chakaisa nheyo dzekutanga dzerudzi rutsva. Heino chikonzero nei Chiziviso cheKuzvitonga chine kukosha kwakakosha kwenhoroondo, huzivi, uye zvematongerwo enyika.
Nhoroondo Yenhoroondo
Pakati pemakore ekuma1770, kusawirirana pakati pemakoloni ekuAmerica neBritish Crown kwakanga kwasvika padanho repamusoro. Mitero yakawanda isingafarirwi, yakaita seStamp Act ya1765 neTownshend Acts ya1767, yakakonzera kusafarira kutonga kweBritain. VaKoloni vaifunga kuti mitero iyi yaiiswa vasina mvumo yavo, yakabatanidzwa mukudanidzira kwekuti, "Hapana mutero usina mumiriri." Kusagutsikana kwakanga kusiri kwenyaya dzehupfumi chete asi kurwira kuzvitonga, kodzero, uye rusununguko.
Mamiriro acho ezvinhu akawedzera kusvika pakurwa nezvombo muna Kubvumbi 1775 neHondo dzeLexington neConcord. Zvadaro, Second Continental Congress yakaungana muPhiladelphia kuti igadzirise dambudziko iri. Mushure megore rinopfuura rekuedza kuwana mhinduro ine rugare asi isina kubudirira, Congress yakaona kukosha kwekuzivisa rusununguko.
Philosophical Underpinnings
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvinopihwa neChiziviso cheKuzvitonga ndekutaura kwaro uzivi hwezvematongerwo enyika. Chichibva kuvafungi veEnlightenment vakaita saJohn Locke, Chiziviso ichi chinopa misimboti inokosha inotsanangura hurumende yepamutemo nekodzero dzemunhu.
– Kodzero dzechisikigo: Chiziviso chinotaura zvakajeka kuti “vanhu vese vakasikwa vakaenzana” uye vakapihwa “Kodzero dzisingabviswi” dze“Hupenyu, Rusununguko uye kutsvaga Mufaro.” Kutaura uku kwakasimba kunoratidza kuti kodzero ndedzevanhu, kwete dzinopihwa nehurumende.
– Chibvumirano Chemagariro Evanhu: Hurumende dzakatangwa kuti dzichengetedze kodzero idzi, dzichiwana masimba adzo kubva “kubvumirana kwevanotongwa.” Nheyo iyi inoratidza dzidziso yezvibvumirano zvemagariro evanhu, zvichiratidza kuti vatongi vane mvumo yekubvumidza vatongi kupa rusununguko rwavo vachitsinhana nekuchengetedzwa nekurongeka.
– Kodzero yeChimurenga: Kana hurumende ikaparadza zvinangwa izvi, Chirevo chinoti, ikodzero yevanhu kuichinja kana kuibvisa uye kutanga hutongi hutsva. Pfungwa iyi yechimurenga yakabvumidza kubuda kweAmerica kubva kuBritain uye yakakurudzira mafambiro emangwana ekuzvitonga uye kutonga kwebumbiro remitemo pasi rose.
Mhedzisiro yeCatalytic
Chimurenga cheAmerica neKuvaka Rudzi
Chiziviso ichi chaive chakakosha mukukurudzira zvikwata zvekoloni kuti zvibatane kurwisa hutongi hweBritain. Chakapa chikonzero chakajeka uye chinogutsa chekupandukira, chichiwana rutsigiro kubva kwete chete kubva kuvakoloni vekuAmerica asiwo kubva kumasimba eEurope akaita seFrance, ayo akazova vabatsiri vakakosha. Misimboti yakagoverwa yakatsanangurwa muChiziviso yakabatsira kugadzira hunhu hutsva hwenyika pakati pezvikwata zvakasiyana, zvichigadzira nzira yekuumbwa kweUnited States of America.
Kupesvedzera Kwenyika Yose uye Mafambiro Ekuzvimirira
Nheyo dzakataurwa muChiziviso dzakakonzera matambudziko akasiyana-siyana kunze kweAmerica. Chakava chiratidzo chepfungwa dzemasangano akawanda ekuzvitonga pamwe nekuchinja kwedemocracy pasi rose. Chimurenga cheFrance, chakatanga muna 1789, chakafuridzira zvikuru muenzaniso weAmerica, sezvakaitawo chimurenga cheLatin America muzana remakore rechi19 chaitungamirirwa nevanhu vakaita saSimón Bolívar.
Kuwanda kwemitemo yayo - kuenzana, rusununguko, uye kuzvitonga - kwakapa hurongwa hwetsika nepfungwa dzekugadzirisa zvematongerwo enyika uye mafambiro ekurwisa hukoloni pasi rose. Pfungwa dzeChiziviso dzinoshanda sechiedza chisingaperi chekodzero dzevanhu nekutonga kwedemocracy.
Kukosha Kwemutemo Nekwebumbiro Remitemo
Chiziviso cheRusununguko, kunyange hazvo chisiri gwaro rinosunga pamutemo, chine kukosha kukuru kwechiratidzo uye kwehwaro mutsika dzebumbiro remitemo reAmerica. Chakaisa hwaro hwetsika dzeBumbiro reMitemo reUS neBumbiro reKodzero. Kusimbiswa kwekodzero dzechisikigo kwakapesvedzera kuumbwa kweBumbiro reMitemo, zvichiita kuti masimba ehurumende ave nemiganhu uye rusununguko rwemunhu rwudzivirirwe.
Kunyangwe nanhasi, Chiziviso ichi chinowanzotaurwa munharo dzemutemo uye munyaya dzeDare Repamusorosoro. Nheyo dzacho dzinokurudzira hurukuro dzinoenderera mberi pamusoro pekodzero nerusununguko munharaunda yeAmerica, dzichishanda sechiyereso chekuenzanisa mitemo nemaitiro.
Kukosha Kunoramba Kuchienderera Mberi uye Dudziro
Chiziviso cheRusununguko chinoramba chiri gwaro riripo, richiramba richikurudzira uye richikurudzira maAmerican kuti vararame zvinoenderana nepfungwa dzavo. Kutaura kwaro kuti vanhu vese vakasikwa vakaenzana kwave kuri chinhu chikuru mukurwira kodzero dzevanhu munhoroondo uye kuri kuenderera mberi. Vatungamiriri vakaita saAbraham Lincoln, muGettysburg Address yake, naMartin Luther King Jr., muhurukuro yake ye "I Have a Dream", vakakumbira Chiziviso ichi kuti vakumbire kubviswa kweuranda uye kutsvaga kuenzana kwemarudzi.
Nheyo dzegwaro iri dzinokurudzira kufungisisa nguva dzose: Hurumende iri kuchengetedza kodzero dzevanhu vayo zvakanaka sei? Iri kuwana simba rayo kubva mukubvumirana kwevatongi here? Kugadziriswa kana shanduko dzinodiwa here kuti izadzise zvipikirwa zvayo?
Kukosha Kwedzidzo
Chiziviso ichi chakakosha padzidzo yeAmerica, chinobatsira kudzidzisa vanhu kunzwisisa tsika dzedemocracy uye mutoro wevanhu kubva pazera diki. Zvikoro munyika yese zvinodzidzisa nhoroondo nemisimboti yaro, zvichikurudzira vadzidzi kuti vaonge kutambura nekuzvipira kwakaumba nyika yavo. Dzidzo yakadaro inosimudzira vagari vane ruzivo vanokwanisa kufunga zvakadzama uye vakazvipira kumisimboti yerusununguko neruramisiro.
mhedziso
Chiziviso cheKuzvitonga cheAmerica chinopfuura kungori chinyorwa chenhoroondo; igwaro riri mupenyu rine pfungwa dzisingaperi dzerusununguko, kuenzana, uye kuzvitonga. Hwaro hwaro hwepfungwa, simba rinosimudzira mafambiro erusununguko rwepasi rose, uye kuramba kwakakosha mumutemo weAmerica nekodzero dzevanhu zvinosimbisa kukosha kwaro kusingaperi. Sezvo America ichifambira mberi, Chiziviso ichi chinoramba chiri chinhu chikuru chekutarisa, chichigara chichinetsa nyika kuti iite zvinoenderana nepfungwa dzayo dzepamusoro uye chichikurudzira vanhu pasi rese kuti vatsvage rusununguko neruramisiro.
