Nhoroondo Yekare yeSamurai neBushido Code
Mufananidzo wesamurai unoshamisa, akapfeka nhumbi dzehondo dzinopenya, aine katana yakapinza sechisvo, uye achifamba nenyasha dzisingaenzaniswi, akabata fungidziro kwemazana emakore. Varwi ava vakakurumbira vakanga vasiri varwi chete; vairatidza tsika dzakadzika, dzakabatana zvakanyanya nemutemo weBushido. Nhoroondo yevasamurai nenheyo dzavo, dzakazadzwa nerukudzo, kuvimbika, uye chirango, humbowo hwetsika yakapfuma uye yakaoma yakaumba Japan uye inoramba ichikurudzira kufarira pasi rose.
Mavambo eSamurai
Kutanga kwevaSamurai kunogona kuteverwa kusvika munguva yeHeian (794-1185), nguva yaizivikanwa nehurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika hwakaparadzaniswa uye kurwisana kwakawanda pakati pemadzinza ematunhu. Sekuda kwesimba rehurumende yepakati, vatungamiriri vehondo vemunharaunda, kana kuti daimyos, vakatanga kuratidza simba ravo, vachiunganidza mapoka evarwi vane hunyanzvi kuti vadzivirire zvido zvavo nenzvimbo dzavo.
Varwi vekutanga ava ndivo vakatungamira samurai. Vakavandudza hunyanzvi hwavo hwekurwa kuburikidza nekudzidziswa kwakasimba uye vakatevedzera mutemo mutsva wetsika waisimbisa kuvimbika kumadzishe avo. Hondo yeGempei (1180-1185), hondo inoparadza pakati pemhuri dzeTaira neMinamoto, yakasimbisa basa revasamurai munharaunda yeJapan. Kukunda kwemhuri yeMinamoto kwakaunza Kamakura shogunate (1185-1333), zvichisimbisa chinzvimbo chemasamurai seboka remauto rinotonga.
Kumuka kweSamurai: Nguva dzeKamakura neMuromachi
Nguva yeKamakura yakaratidza kugadzwa kwehurumende inotungamirwa nesamurai ine shogun iri pamberi payo. Nguva iyi yakaona kurongeka kwemaitiro esamurai uye kugadzirwa kwehurongwa hwetsika hwaizoshanduka kuita Bushido—nzira yemurwi. Kuvimbika kwesamurai kwaive kwakabatana zvachose nashe wavo, kana kuti daimyo, uye hupenyu hwavo hwaitungamirirwa nemisimboti yebasa, rukudzo, uye hunyanzvi hwehondo.
Munguva yeMuromachi (1336-1573) yakaona kusimba kwetsika dzevaSamurai. Munguva iyi, Japan yakasangana nekupatsanuka kukuru mune zvematongerwo enyika, zvichikonzera hondo dzakawanda pakati pemapoka aikwikwidzana. Nguva iyi yekurwisana, inozivikanwa seSengoku (Hondo dzeNyika), yakada kunatsiridza kugona kwevaSamurai kurwisa uye kuronga. Vanhu vane ngano vakaita saOda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, naTokugawa Ieyasu vakakwira mukurumbira, makwikwi avo nekukunda kwavo zvichiratidza hunyanzvi hwevaSamurai mukurwa uye hunyanzvi hwavo mukurwa.
Tokugawa Shogunate uye Kunyorwa kweBushido
Nguva yeEdo (1603-1868), yakatsanangurwa nerunyararo nekugadzikana kwakaunzwa nekubatana kwaTokugawa Ieyasu muJapan, yakaona shanduko huru mubasa revaSamurai. Nekusavapo kwehondo, vaSamurai vakajaira mabasa matsva sevakuru vehurumende, vatungamiriri, uye nyanzvi. Munguva iyi, kodhi yeBushido yakawedzerwa kutsanangurwa uye kusimbiswa, ichivimbisa kuti maitiro evaSamurai airatidza tsika dzisingaperi dzekuvimbika, rukudzo, uye basa.
Bushido, zvinoreva kuti 'nzira yemurwi,' inowanzo tsanangurwa kuburikidza netsika dzayo nomwe huru: Gi (kururama), Yu (ushingi), Jin (mutsa), Rei (kuremekedza), Makoto (kutendeseka), Meiyo (kukudzwa), uye Chugi (kuvimbika). Nheyo idzi dzaitonga kwete zviito zvevaSamurai chete muhondo asiwo hupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva. Mutemo uyu unosimbisa kururama kwetsika, kuranga pfungwa, uye pfungwa isingazununguki yebasa kuna tenzi wako nenzanga.
Kuzvipira kwevaSamurai kuna Bushido kunoratidzwa mutsika ye seppuku, kana kuti kuzviuraya kwetsika. Seppuku yaiitirwa kudzorera rukudzo pasinei nekunyadziswa kana kukundikana uye yakaratidza kuda kwevaSamurai kuchengetedza mwero wepamusoro wekuvimbika nebasa, kunyangwe zvichireva kurasikirwa nehupenyu hwavo.
Samurai muKuita: Tsika uye Mararamiro
Kunze kwehondo, samurai vakagamuchira tsika dzakasiyana-siyana dzairatidza kunaka kwavo kwakanatswa uye kutevedzera Bushido. Vaive vatsigiri vehunyanzvi—vachiita nhetembo, mitambo yetii, kunyora, uye Noh theatre. Kusimbiswa kwekurangwa uye kuzvidzora kwakawedzera kuhupenyu hwavo, sezvakaratidzwa mumitambo yekungwarira yavaitevera zuva nezuva. Mhemberero yetii, kana kuti chanoyu, yaisangova tsika yekutamba chete asi tsika yaikurudzira kufunga, kunyatsorongeka, uye rugare rwemukati.
Pamusoro pezvo, maSamurai vaive nyanzvi dzakasimba dzechiBuddha cheZen, izvo zvakakanganisa zvikuru maitiro avo ekurwa nehupenyu. Dzidziso dzeZen dzinosimbisa kufunga zvakanaka, kugara wakaomesesa, uye kugara kwenguva refu kwehupenyu, zvichienderana netsika dzeSamurai. Maitiro ekufungisisa uye nzwisiso yeuzivi yakawanikwa kubva kuChiBuddha cheZen zvakapa samurai simba repfungwa raibatsira kurovedza muviri kwavo.
Kuparara uye Nhaka yeSamurai
Kudzorerwa kweMeiji muna 1868 kwakaratidza kuguma kwenguva yesamurai, sezvo Japan yakakurumidza kuvandudzwa uye kushanduka kweWestern. Hurumende itsva yakabvisa hurongwa hwefeudal ndokuparadza boka resamurai, ichibatanidza tsika dzemauto ekuMadokero nemirairo.
Pasinei nekuparadzwa kweboka ravo, nhaka yevaSamurai yakaramba iripo. Mitemo yeBushido yakaramba ichipesvedzera nzanga yeJapan uye yakatogamuchirwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana nemauto eJapan emazuva ano. Uyezve, pfungwa dzekukudzwa, kuvimbika, uye kurangwa zvinotsigirwa nevaSamurai zvakawana simba mutsika nedzidzo yemakambani ekuJapan.
Simba reSamurai neBushido Pasi Pose
Nhasi uno, samurai nemutemo wavo wetsika zvichiri zviratidzo zvine simba zvetsika dzechiJapan, zvichionekwa zvakanyanya mumabhuku, mumafirimu, uye munhau dzakakurumbira. Mabasa evanyori vakaita saYukio Mishima akaongorora kukosha kwemitemo yeBushido, nepo mafirimu akadai se "Seven Samurai" yaAkira Kurosawa akaunza tsika dzehondo dzakanaka kune vateereri vepasi rose.
Maitiro evaSamurai akadzidziswa, hunyanzvi hwavo muhondo, uye hungwaru hwavo hunoramba huchikurudzira uye huchikwezva. Nyanzvi dzemazuva ano dzehondo, nyanzvi dzehondo, uye nyanzvi dzehutungamiriri vanowanzoshandisa zvidzidzo zveBushido kuti vakwanise kutarisana nematambudziko emazuva ano. Nhaka inogara iripo yevaSamurai inoshanda sechiyeuchidzo chemhedzisiro yakakura iyo kuzvipira kumitemo yetsika, rukudzo, uye chirango kunogona kuva nayo pavanhu nenharaunda zvakafanana.
mhedziso
Nhoroondo yemasamurai neBushido code inyaya yakadzama yeunyanzvi hwehondo, hudzamu hwepfungwa, uye kuzvipira kusingazununguki kutsika. Kubva pakutanga kwavo munguva yeHeian kusvika pakuparara kwavo panguva yeMeiji Restoration, masamurai aive nehunyanzvi hwakasiyana hwehondo uye hunhu hwakanaka, huchitongwa nehunhu husingaperi hwaBushido. Nhaka yavo inogara kwenguva refu, yakadzika midzi mutsika dzeJapan uye ichiratidza simba pasi rose, inoramba ichikurudzira uye ichipa nzwisiso inokosha pamusoro pehunhu hwekukudzwa, basa, uye mweya wemunhu.
