Kurwira Rusununguko rwaMahatma Gandhi muIndia
Mahatma Gandhi, anonzi Baba veRudzi muIndia, anomira semumwe wevanhu vane simba guru munhoroondo yepasi rose yekusagadzikana uye kodzero dzevanhu. Basa rake rehupenyu hwake rekuzvitonga kweIndia kubva kuhutongi hweBritain uye dzidziso yake ye'Satyagraha'—izwi rakagadzirwa naGandhi rinoreva "simba rechokwadi" kana "simba remweya”—rakagadzira gwara remafambiro evanhu pasi rose. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa kurwira kwaGandhi kwenguva refu uye kwakaoma rusununguko rweIndia, zvichiratidza misimboti yake, mazano ake, uye zviitiko zvikuru.
Hupenyu Hwekutanga uye Rwendo rwekuSouth Africa
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi akazvarwa musi wa2 Gumiguru 1869, muPorbandar, taundi riri kumahombekombe kweIndia nhasi rinonzi Gujarat. Hupenyu hwake hwepakutanga hwakakanganiswa naamai vake vainamata nemwoyo wese uye mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana enyika yaakaberekerwa. Mushure mekudzidziswa kwenguva pfupi kwemutemo muLondon, Gandhi akatamira kuSouth Africa muna 1893 kunoshanda segweta. MuSouth Africa ndimo maakatanga kusangana nerusaruraganda rwakanyanya, izvo zvakamukanganisa zvikuru uye zvakamubatsira kurwisa kusaruramisira.
Kuzvarwa kweSatyagraha muSouth Africa
Mumakore ake makumi maviri nerimwe ari kuSouth Africa, Gandhi ndiye akatanga pfungwa yeSatyagraha. Akaronga nharaunda yeIndia kuti iratidzire mitemo nemaitiro erusarura nenzira dzisina mhirizhonga. Kubudirira kwemafambiro aya muSouth Africa kwakagadzira nzira yekuedza kwake muIndia gare gare. Vachitungamirirwa naye, maIndia akapararira akaramba matanho ekudzvinyirira, akadai semutemo wekunyoresa waida kuti maIndia ese, kunyangwe vana, vatakure chitupa chekuzivikanwa.
Kudzokera kuIndia neMafambiro Ekutanga
Gandhi akadzokera kuIndia muna 1915, ava nemakore 45. Akapedza makore ekutanga achifamba-famba nenyika yese, achinzwisisa chiedza chemaruwa eIndia uye achibatana nevanhu vazhinji vekuIndia. Pakazosvika 1917, Gandhi akanga atove mubato reChamparan neKheda, kwaaitsigira varimi veIndigo vachipesana nemutemo wevhu weBritain unodzvinyirira. Masangano aya akakosha mukusimbisa Gandhi semutungamiri wenyika aimiririra vanhuwo zvavo.
Sangano Risingashande Pamwe Chete
Kuurayiwa kwaJallianwala Bagh muna 1919, uko masoja eBritain akauraya mazana evanhu vemuIndia vasina zvombo, kwakava chinhu chakachinja zvikuru kuna Gandhi nebato rerusununguko rweIndia. Akakumbira kuti pave neBato reNon-Cooperation muna 1920, achikurudzira maIndia kuti asashandise zvinhu, masangano, uye kukudzwa muBritain. Bato iri raive nechinangwa chekukanganisa hutongi hweBritain mune zvehupfumi netsika. Pasinei nekubudirira kwaro kwekutanga, Gandhi akarimisa muna 1922 mushure mekurwa kwaChauri Chaura, achienderana nepfungwa yake yekusaita mhirizhonga.
Kusateerera Kwevanhu uye Kufamba Kwemunyu
Pakazosvika 1930, Gandhi akatanga Civil Disobedience Movement, achitora danho rakasimba neSalt March (Dandi March). Mitemo yeBritain yakanga yaisa mutero wemunyu wakaoma, zvichikanganisa varombo zvakanyanya. Gandhi, pamwe chete nevateveri vake makumi manomwe nevasere, vakafamba makiromita mazana maviri nemakumi mana kubva kuSabarmati Ashram kuenda kumusha weDandi uri pamhenderekedzo yegungwa, vachigadzira munyu kubva mumvura yegungwa vachipesana nemutemo weBritain. Chiito ichi chekusateerera hurumende chakakurudzira mamiriyoni evanhu uye chakaratidza kutanga kwekuguma kwehutongi hweBritain muIndia.
Kusungwa uye Kukurukurirana
Muhondo yake yese, Gandhi akasangana nekusungwa kakawanda, izvo zvakawedzera simba rake uye kugona kwesangano iri. Pasinei nematambudziko, Gandhi akapinda muhurukuro dzakawanda nevakuru vakuru veBritain, dzakadai seRound Table Conferences. Kunyangwe hurukuro idzi dzisina kutungamira zvakananga kurusununguko, dzaive dzakakosha mukusimudzira mukurumbira wepasi rose wezvinodiwa neIndia uye kugadzirira hurongwa hwezviito zveramangwana.
Kubuda muIndia muIndia
Hondo Yenyika II yakaderedza zvakanyanya pfuma yeBritain, uye Gandhi akatora nguva iyi yekushaya simba. Muna 1942, akatanga Quit India Movement neshoko rekuti “Do or Die.” Bato iri raida kuti kutonga kweBritain kupere nekukasika. Mhinduro yeBritain yaiva yehutsinye, zvikaita kuti vanhu vakawanda vasungwe, kusanganisira Gandhi. Asi, kutsunga kwevanhu vemuIndia kuti vazvitonge kwakasimba.
Nheyo dzaGandhi dzeKusaita Mhirizhonga uye Kubatana kwechitendero
Chinhu chikuru mupfungwa dzaGandhi chaive pfungwa yekuti 'Ahimsa' kana kuti kusaita zvechisimba. Aitenda kuti kuramba zvisina chisimba kwaigona kushandura mudzvinyiriri uye kuunza shanduko munharaunda pasina kudeura ropa. Chimwe chinhu chakakosha kwaive kuzvipira kwake kurugare rwechitendero. Munguva yematambudziko akatungamira pakupatsanurwa, Gandhi akashanda nesimba kuti aderedze kusawirirana pakati pevaHindu nevaMuslim, achitoita zvekutsanya kusvika pakufa kudzivirira mhirizhonga munharaunda.
Nzira Yekuzvimirira Uye Kupatsanurana
Kubudirira kwekuedza kwaGandhi kusingaperi pamwe nebasa rezvematongerwo enyika reIndian National Congress zvakazobudirira musi wa15 Nyamavhuvhu 1947, apo India yakawana rusununguko. Zvisinei, kukunda uku kukuru kwakakanganiswa nekuparadzaniswa kweIndia nePakistan, izvo zvakakonzera mhirizhonga yakakura munharaunda uye kudzingwa kwevanhu. Gandhi akarwadziwa zvikuru nekupatsanurwa kwacho pamwe nemigumisiro inosuruvarisa yakwakakonzera, achifunga kuti kwaive kusiyana nemaonero ake eIndia yakabatana uye yakabatana.
Nhaka uye Kufurira
Kurwira kwaMahatma Gandhi hakuna kungounza rusununguko kuIndia chete asiwo kwakakurudzira mafambiro epasi rose ekodzero dzevanhu nerusununguko. Vanhu vakaita saMartin Luther King Jr., Nelson Mandela, naDalai Lama vakataura kuti Gandhi ndiye ane simba guru pahuzivi hwavo nemaitiro avo. Kuzvipira kwaGandhi kururamisiro munharaunda, kuzviriritira mune zvehupfumi kuburikidza nekutsigira kwake Khadi (jira rakarukwa nemaoko), uye kusimbisa kwake mafambiro epasi zvichiri kukosha nanhasi.
mhedziso
Kurwira kwaMahatma Gandhi kuzvitonga kweIndia kwaisangova kungoita zvezvematongerwo enyika chete asi kwaingova kurwira kwetsika nemagariro evanhu. Kuzvipira kwake kusingachinji kukusaita mhirizhonga nechokwadi, pasinei nekuzvipira kwake kukuru, kwakamuita chiratidzo chekugara achirwisa murunyararo. Kunyangwe nanhasi, misimboti nenzira dzaGandhi dzichiri kukurudzira nekutungamira mafambiro akananga kururamisiro munharaunda nerusununguko pasi rose. Nhaka yake inoratidza simba remweya wemunhu uye kutsvaga rusununguko neruramisiro kusingaperi.
