Utongi hweDutch muIndonesia uye Zvakaitika Kwahwo
ziviso
Kutonga kwevaDutch kwakachinja zvakanyanya mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi aripo iye zvino munyika dzakawanda, kusanganisira Indonesia. Kutonga kwevaDutch muIndonesia, kwakatanga kubva pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi17 kusvika Hondo Yenyika II, kuri chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvikuru muSoutheast Asia. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa nhoroondo yekutongwa kwevaDutch muIndonesia, chinoongorora zvakakonzerwa nemagariro evanhu, hupfumi, tsika, uye zvematongerwo enyika, uye chinoongorora migumisiro inogara iripo inogona kuonekwa munharaunda yeIndonesia yemazuva ano.
Nhoroondo Yenhoroondo
Kusvika kweDutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie kana VOC) muIndonesia muna 1602 kwakaratidza kutanga kwemazana emakore epesvedzero yeDutch muzvitsuwa izvi. Pakutanga, kuvapo kweVOC kwaitungamirirwa nekutengeserana, kunyanya pakuwana zvinonhuwira zvakaita senzungu, clove, nemhiripiri. Zvisinei, simba reVOC parakawedzera, mashandiro ayo akawedzera kupfuura kutengeserana kusvika pakudzora nzvimbo, kutaurirana kwezvematongerwo enyika, uye kusawirirana nemadzimambo emuno nemakwikwi eEurope.
Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi18, VOC yakanga yave nehutungamiriri hwakakura uye hune simba muzvitsuwa zveIndonesia. Zvisinei, kusatarisira zvakanaka mari uye huori zvakaita kuti iparare muna 1799. Korona yeDutch yakatora kutonga kwakananga kwemakoloni, zvikaita kuti pave neDutch East Indies (Nederlandsch-Indië). Muzana remakore rakatevera, maDutch akashanda zvine hungwaru kuti awedzere kutonga kwavo, zvichiguma nekupedzwa kwenyika yekoloni pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20.
Zvemagariro Nezvehupfumi Impact
1. Kuchinja Kwekurima
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakanganisa hupfumi hwevanhu nehupfumi hweDutch kwaive kushandurwa kwenzvimbo yekurima muIndonesia. Pasi peCultivation System (Cultuurstelsel) yakatangwa muna 1830, varimi vekuIndonesia vakamanikidzwa kurima zvirimwa zvekutengesa, zvakaita seshuga, kofi, uye indigo, pachikamu chevhu ravo senzira yemitero. Iyi nzira yekushandiswa zvisina kunaka yakaunza mari yakawanda kuhupfumi hweDutch asi yakakonzera matambudziko ehupfumi akapararira uye mhuri pakati pevanhu veko. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kurima kwechinyakare kwakasiyiwa parutivi, zvichiita kuti vanhu vavimbe nezvirimwa zvekutengesa zvekurima chimwe chete izvo zvichiripo mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeIndonesia nanhasi.
2. Kuvandudzwa kweZvivakwa
Hutongi hwemakoloni eDutch hwakabatsira zvikuru mukuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa muIndonesia, kunyanya muJava. Migwagwa, njanji, zviteshi zvengarava, uye masisitimu ekudiridza zvakavakwa kuti zvive nyore kuburitsa nekufambisa zviwanikwa zvinobudirira. Maguta akaita seBatavia (ikozvino Jakarta) akagadziriswazve nepfungwa dzekuvaka dzeEurope uye kuronga maguta. Kunyange zvazvo kuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa uku kwakaisa hwaro hwekuvandudzwa kweIndonesia, kwainyanya kubatsira zvido zvemakoloni kwete kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu veko.
3. Kurongeka kwehupfumi
Maitiro ehutongi hweDutch akadzikawo mukusarongeka kwehupfumi munharaunda yeIndonesia. Hurongwa hwakajeka hwakabuda, vanhu vekuEurope vari pamusoro, vachiteverwa nevepamusoro vemunharaunda (priyayi), vatengesi vekuChina nevechiArabhu, uye varimi vemo vari pasi. Kupatsanurwa uku kwakasimbisa kusawirirana munharaunda, kuchideredza kufamba kwehupfumi uye mukana wekuwana dzidzo uye mabasa epamusoro kune vagari vemo. Kusawirirana kwakadaro kwehupfumi kuchiri pachena, kunyanya mukupatsanuka kwehupfumi nemagariro pakati pemaguta nemaruwa.
Tsika Impact
1. Kuchinja Kwedzidzo
Kunyange zvazvo maDutch akatanga dzidzo yekumadokero kuIndonesia, mabhenefiti ayo aingowanikwa chete nevanhu vashoma vepamusoro. Zvikoro muDutch East Indies zvaive zvishoma, uye mukana wekuwana dzidzo waingowanikwa chete nevana vekuEurope nevepamusoro. Zvisinei, kutangwa kushoma uku kwedzidzo yekumadokero kwakaita kuti pave nenyanzvi dzemuno dzaizozoita mabasa akakosha mumasangano erudzi. Masangano akaita seYunivhesiti yeIndonesia yakavambwa neDutch ane midzi yawo munguva ino uye achiri kuramba ari zvikoro zvepamusoro zvedzidzo.
2. Mutauro neMabhuku
Mutauro wechiDutch une simba pakutaura mutauro wechiIndonesia, kunyanya mumashoko ekutonga, emutemo, uye ehunyanzvi. Kunyange zvazvo chiIndonesian, chimiro chemutauro wechiMalay chakajairwa, chakazova mutauro wenyika mushure merusununguko, mazwi akawanda echiDutch akaramba ari chikamu chemashoko acho. Simba rechiDutch rakapararirawo kumabhuku, richisimudzira tsika yemaitiro emazuva ano ekunyora uye nyaya dzechiIndonesia kuburikidza nemabhuku nemapepanhau ekutanga.
3. Masangano ezvitendero netsika
Munguva yehutongi hweDutch, vatongi veDutch vaiwanzoshivirira chitendero, vakaratidzawo rusaruro kuchiKristu, vachikanganisa zvisina kunanga kubatana kwechitendero nekuchinja kwechitendero. Mabasa echiKristu eumishinari akaita kuti pave nemachechi, zvikoro, nenzvimbo dzehutano, kunyanya munzvimbo dzakadai sePapua, Sulawesi, neMoluccas.
Zvematongerwo enyika Impact
1. Kuramba uye Rudzi
Kuramba kutonga kweDutch kwaive kwakajairika munguva yese yehutongi hwechikoloni. Kumukira kwakawanda, kwakadai seHondo yeJava (1825-1830) yakatungamirwa naPrince Diponegoro neHondo yeAceh (1873-1904), kwakaratidza kupikiswa kwakasimba kwekutonga kweDutch. Masangano aya akadyara mbeu yekutanga yerudzi rweIndonesia, iyo yakakura mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 nekuumbwa kwemasangano ezvematongerwo enyika akadai seBudi Utomo, Sarekat Islam, neIndonesian National Party (PNI) yakatungamirwa nevanhu vakaita saSukarno.
2. Nhaka Yekutonga
Pasinei nekuti hutongi hwemakoloni hwaishandiswa zvisina kunaka, masisitimu ekutonga akaunzwa nemaDutch akapa hwaro hwenyika itsva yeIndonesia mushure merusununguko. Maitiro ehurumende, makodhi emutemo, uye zvivakwa zvehurumende zvakagadziriswa nehurumende yeIndonesia. Zvisinei, kuiswa kwesimba pakati pehurumende yeDutch kwakakanganisawo hutongi hweIndonesia mushure mehutongi hwemakoloni, kazhinji zvichikonzera hutongi hwehudzvanyiriri nepakati.
Migumisiro Inogara Nguva Dzose
Nhaka yehutongi hweDutch ichiri kuoneka muzvinhu zvakawanda zvevanhu vekuIndonesia nanhasi. Maumbirwo ehupfumi akavakirwa pakushandiswa kwehutongi hwekoloni akachinja asi achiri kuratidza kusawirirana, kunyanya muzvikamu zvekurima uye zvekumaruwa. Nzvimbo dzemaguta dzakadai seJakarta dzichiri kuratidza kuronga kwemaguta nekuvaka panguva yehutongi pamwe chete nekuvandudzwa kwemazuva ano.
Mutsika, simba retsika dzekumadokero nedzemuno rinoramba richionekwa muhunyanzvi hwekuIndonesia, dzidzo, uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Muzvematongerwo enyika, kurwira huwori, kusashanda zvakanaka kwehurumende, uye kuzvitonga kwedunhu zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu ekare akange aripo munguva yehutongi hwevagari.
mhedziso
Kutonga kwevaDutch kwakapesvedzera Indonesia zvakanyanya, zvichisiya nhaka yakaoma inobatanidza kushandiswa kwevanhu nekuvandudzwa kwehupfumi. Kunyange zvazvo nguva yekukoloni yakaunza matambudziko ehupfumi nekupatsanurwa kwemagariro evanhu, yakaisawo zvivakwa nenheyo dzehutungamiriri dzakagadziriswa kuti Indonesia ibudirire mushure mekusununguka. Mhedzisiro yetsika nezvematongerwo enyika inoramba ichiumba hunhu hweIndonesia, nzanga, uye hutongi. Kunzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu ekare aya kwakakosha kuti tinzwisise kuoma kweIndonesia yanhasi uye rwendo rwayo rwunoenderera mberi rwekuva nyika yakagadzikana uye yakabudirira.
