Mupiro waImmanuel Kant kuFilosofi
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), munhu akakurumbira munhoroondo yeuzivi, akapesvedzera zvikuru nzira yekufunga kweWestern. Mipiro yake inopfuura mapazi akasiyana-siyana euzivi, kubva kumetaphysics ne epistemology kusvika kutsika nerunako. Basa raKant rinoumba shanduko huru kubva kutsika dzeRationalist dzakaratidzwa nevanhu vakaita saDescartes naLeibniz, uye nzira dzeEmpiricist dzaLocke, Berkeley, naHume, zvichiguma neizvo zvinowanzonzi "Copernican Revolution" muuzivi. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora mipiro inoshamisa yakaitwa naKant kunharaunda yeuzivi.
Uzivi Hwakakosha
Mupiro wakakosha waKant ibhuku rake rinonzi "Critical Philosophy," rakatsanangurwa kuburikidza nemabhuku ake matatu makuru eCritiques: Critique of Pure Reason (1781), Critique of Practical Reason (1788), uye Critique of Judgment (1790). Mabasa aya anogara achiongorora miganhu nehukuru hweruzivo rwevanhu, hwaro hwehuzivi hwetsika, uye misimboti yekutonga kwakanaka.
Kutsoropodza Kwechikonzero Chakachena
MuCritique of Pure Reason, Kant anotarisa matambudziko anogara aripo mu metaphysics ne epistemology. Anotaura kuti ruzivo rwevanhu runoumbwa neruzivo rwepfungwa (ruzivo rwepfungwa) uye maumbirwo epfungwa (ruzivo rwepfungwa). Mupiro uyu weruzivo rwepfungwa neruzivo rwepfungwa ndiyo "pfungwa dzake dzepamusoro-soro."
Imwe yepfungwa dzaKant dzinochinja-chinja zvikuru ndeyekusiyanisa nyika inoshamisa (nyika sezvatinoona) nenyika ye noumenal (nyika sezvairi pachayo, isina kuzvimiririra). Sekureva kwaKant, hatigone kuva neruzivo rwakananga rwenyika ye noumenal; kunzwisisa kwedu kunogara kuchisefetwa kuburikidza nemamiriro ezvinhu epfungwa dzedu nepfungwa dzedu. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mibvunzo yakawanda inobvunzwa ne metaphysics (semuenzaniso, hunhu hwaMwari, mweya usingafi) haisvikiki neruzivo rwevanhu.
Pfungwa yaKant yemapoka ekunzwisisa — malenzi ekutanga epfungwa atinoshandisa kutsanangura nyika yekuongorora — inotsigirawo maonero aya. Mienzaniso inosanganisira chikonzero, kubatana, uye kuwanda, izvo zvisingabvi muzviitiko asi zvinoumba ruzivo rwedu kubva pakutanga.
Kutsoropodzwa kweChinhu Chinoshanda
Kutsoropodzwa kwaKant kweKufunga Kunoshanda ndiko kwakavamba huzivi hwake hwetsika, hwakabatanidzwa mune zvinozivikanwa semutemo wechikamu. Sekureva kwaKant, mutemo wetsika chinhu chekutanga uye chinobva pakufunga chete, kwete mumamiriro ezvinhu ekuongorora. Pfungwa huru yetsika dzaKantian ipfungwa yekuti tinofanira kuita zvinhu chete pamitemo inogona kugara ichishandiswa nevanhu vose - kureva kuti, zviito zvinogona kubatanidzwa kuita mitemo yepasi rose inoshanda kune zvisikwa zvese zvine pfungwa.
Izvi zvinoratidza kuzvipira kwaKant kukuremekedza uye kuzvitonga kwemunhu, achiti vanhu vanofanira kubatwa sevanogumira mavari kwete senzira yekuzadzisa chinangwa chavo chete. Kusimbirira kwake pakukosha kwemabasa etsika kunomiririra kusiyana kukuru kubva patsika dzinotevera, idzo dzinoongorora kukosha kwetsika dzezviito zvichibva pamhedzisiro yazvo.
Kutsoropodza Kutonga
MuCritique of Judgment, Kant anoongorora runako ne teleology, nzvimbo yaakaona seyakavhara musiyano uripo pakati penyika yechisikigo (yakaongororwa muCritique of Pure Reason) nenzvimbo yerusununguko netsika (yakatsanangurwa muCritique of Practical Reason). Anonyatsoongorora hunhu hwerunako, hukuru, uye hunyanzvi hwekutonga pachahwo. Kant anotaura kuti ruzivo rwerunako runosanganisira rudzi rwakasiyana rwemufaro usina hanya, zvichireva kuti harubvi pakufunga nezvemunhu kana zvekushandisa.
Imwe yepfungwa dzakakosha muongororo iyi ipfungwa yekuva nechinangwa pasina chinangwa. Zvinhu zvinounza mufaro werunako zvinoita sekunge zvakagadzirirwa kuti tizvinzwisise, asi hazvishande basa rakati. Kubatana uku kwezvinhu zvepfungwa uye zvisina chinangwa muruzivo rwerunako kunowedzera kusimbisa kutenda kwaKant muhukama hwakaoma pakati pepfungwa nenyika.
Kufurira uye Nhaka
Kugadzira pfungwa dzaKant kwakakonzera kukura kweGerman Idealism, zvichipesvedzera vafungi vakaita saFichte, Schelling, naHegel. Vakatsvaga kutsanangura uye dzimwe nguva kupikisa pfungwa dzaKant, zvichiratidza kushanduka-shanduka kuri kuramba kuripo muuzivi hwepashure peKantian.
Uyezve, tsika dzaKant dzakapesvedzera zvikuru vanyori vedzidziso dzetsika dzakatevera, dzichigadzira nzira yedzidziso dzetsika dzedeontological. Mutemo uyu unoramba uchishanda senzira huru yekuongorora nhaurirano dzemazuva ano pamusoro pehuzivi hwetsika, uchiisa hwaro hwehurukuro pamusoro pekodzero, mabasa, uye hunhu hwevanhu.
Mukudzidza nezvepfungwa nepfungwa dzepfungwa, musiyano waKant pakati pezviitiko nepfungwa nepfungwa, uye kuferefeta kwake marongerwo epfungwa dzekutanga, kwakafanoratidza nharo dzakawanda muuzivi hwezana remakore rechi20. Kuuya kwezviitiko nepfungwa naHusserl uye kuvapo kwehupenyu naHeidegger, pamwe chete nekutarisa kwetsika yekuongorora mutauro nepfungwa, zvinogona kuonekwa, muchikamu, semhinduro kumagadzirirwo akagadzwa naKant.
Kutsoropodzwa uye Kugadziridzwa
Kunyange hazvo huzivi hwaKant hwakawana ruremekedzo rukuru, hahuna kumbova nevatsoropodzi vahwo. Vamwe vakataura kuti kupatsanura kwake umambo hwema noumenal nehwezvinhu zvinoshamisa kunounza dambudziko rekuti zvinhu zviviri hazvina kukwana. Vamwe vanoti maitiro ake etsika angave asingagamuchire hunhu hwetsika.
Uyezve, vazivi vemazuva ano vakaongororazve zvakataurwa naKant vachitarisa kufambira mberi mune zvesainzi yekufunga nemitauro, vachiongorora zvinorehwa nedzidziso dzake pakubatana kwepfungwa, mutauro, uye chokwadi.
mhedziso
Mipiro yaImmanuel Kant muuzivi yakadzama uye ine mativi akawanda. Kuongorora kwake kwakakosha kwekuziva kwevanhu nekufunga kwavo kwetsika kunoisa zviyero zvitsva zvekubvunza nezveuzivi, zvichichinja mibvunzo inobvunzwa nevazivi uye nzira dzavanoshandisa kupindura. Nhaka yaKant inogara iripo, ichiratidza simba rinogara riripo repfungwa dzake rekujekesa ruzivo rwevanhu nekutsvaga ruzivo. Basa rake rinoramba richikurudzira uye richinetsa, richivimbisa nzvimbo yake semunhu mukuru mugwaro reuzivi.
