Chokwadi Chinofadza NezvemaViking
MaViking, anowanzo deredzwa pasi penyika yemasoja anotyisa nevaongorori vakashinga, vachiri rimwe remapoka anonakidza zvikuru munhoroondo. Kubva pakupera kwezana remakore rechi8 kusvika kutanga kwezana remakore rechi11, ava vaNorsemen vaifamba mugungwa vakasiya simba guru muEurope nekune dzimwe nzvimbo. Nhaka yavo inopfuura kukunda kweutsinye kunowanzoonekwa munhau dzinozivikanwa. Ngationgororei zvimwe zvinhu zvinonakidza nezvemaViking.
Origins uye Etymology
Izwi rekuti "Viking" pacharo rinobva pashoko rekare rechiNorse rekuti "víkingr," rinoreva mupambi wechikepe kana kuti mupambi. Mazita aya anosanganisira chikamu chimwe chezviitiko zvevaViking asi haatauri nyaya yacho yese. Nguva yeViking inowanzotanga nekurwiswa kweLindisfarne muna 793 CE uye inosvika panosvika 1066 CE, inozivikanwa neNorman Conquest yeEngland.
Kwete Varwi Vane Huru Kungoti
Kunyange zvazvo maViking achiwanzoonekwa semakororo evapambi chete, tsika dzavo dzaiva dzakasiyana-siyana. Vaiva vatengesi, varimi, uye mhizha dzine hunyanzvi. MaViking akatanga nzira dzekutengeserana dzaibva kuBritish Isles kusvika kuByzantine Empire uye kunyange kuBaghdad. Vaitengesa zvinhu zvakaita semvere dzemakwai, matanda, uye amber, ukuwo vachitenga sirika, zvinonhuwira, waini, nezvimwe zvinhu zveumbozha. Kutengeserana kwemaViking kwakaita basa guru muhupfumi hweEurope yepakati nepakati.
Viking Ships
Chimwe chezviratidzo zvikuru zvetsika dzeViking ingarava dzavo. Ngarava idzi dzaive hunyanzvi hweinjiniya, dzichibvumira maViking kufamba nekukurumidza mudaro refu. Magadzirirwo engarava refu, ine kudzika kwayo uye chimiro chayo chakaenzana, akaigonesa kufamba mumakungwa akavhurika nenzizi dzisina kudzika. Kuchinja-chinja uku kwakaita kuti vakwanise kupamba nekuongorora, pamwe nekutengeserana. Kugona kwengarava refu kutakura varwi vakawanda pamwe chete nekumhanya kwayo kwakaita kuti ive ngarava inotyisa, zvichityisa vanhu vazhinji vekuEurope.
Vakadzi muViking Society
Vakadzi munzanga yeViking vaiwana rusununguko nekodzero dzakakura zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe nzanga dzemazuva ano. Vaigona kuva nepfuma, kukumbira kurambana, uye kudzosa mari yavo yeroora kana kuroorana kwavo kwapera. Vamwe vakadzi veViking vaitotora chikamu mukutengeserana nekutsvaga. Humbowo hunoratidza kuti kune varwi vechikadzi, vanozivikanwa se "shieldmaidens," kunyange zvazvo izvi zvichiri kukakavadzana pakati penyanzvi. MaIcelandic Sagas, kunyangwe ari ngano, anotaura nyaya dzevakadzi vane simba vakatora zvombo pamwe chete nevarume vavo.
Mutemo weViking neHutongi
Vanhu veViking vakanga vasiri vanhu vasina mutemo. Vane hurongwa hwemitemo nehutungamiriri hwakakura. "Chinhu" chaive gungano remunharaunda umo varume vakasununguka vaigona kuungana kuti vaite sarudzo, vagadzirise makakatanwa, uye vatsigire mitemo. Magungano aya aishanda senzira dzekutanga dzekutonga kwedemocracy munharaunda yeScandinavia. Nharaunda yega yega yaive ne "chinhu" chayo, asi magungano makuru edunhu anonzi "althings" aiitwawo. Anonyanya kuzivikanwa ndiwo Althing muIceland, iyo inoonekwa sesangano reparamende rekare kupfuura mamwe ose pasi rose, rakavambwa muna 930 CE.
Kugara uye Kugara muUtongi
MaVikings vakanga vasiri vapambi chete asiwo vagari vemo. Vakavaka makoroni munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, anozivikanwa zvikuru ari muEngland, Ireland, Iceland, Greenland, uye kunyange North America. Nzvimbo yekuchera matongo paL'Anse aux Meadows muNewfoundland inopa humbowo hwekuvapo kweMaViking kuNorth America mugore ra1000, zvichiratidza kuti vakasvika kuNyika Itsva makore angangoita mazana mashanu Christopher Columbus asati asvika. Uyezve, misha yeMaViking muGreenland yakabudirira kwemazana emakore asati asiyiwa, zvichida nekuda kwekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze nezvinhu zvehupfumi.
Chitendero neNgano
Vasati vatendeukira kuchiKristu, maViking vaiita rudzi rwechihedheni rwakanga rwakavakirwa paboka revamwari nevamwarikadzi. Vanhu vakakosha vaisanganisira Odin, mwari wehondo neuchenjeri ane ziso rimwe chete; Thor, mwari wekutinhira; naFreyja, mwarikadzi wekubereka nerudo. Ngano nechitendero cheViking zvakabatanidzwa zvakanyanya muhupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva netsika. Mitambo, zvibayiro, nemitambo zvaive zvakajairika, uye ngano dzevamwari ava nemabasa avo zvakachengetwa munhoroondo dzeNorse nenhetembo. Kuchinja kuenda kuchiKristu kwaive zvishoma nezvishoma uye kwakaoma, kuchipesvedzerwa nekubatana kwezvematongerwo enyika nekubatanidzwa kwetsika itsva.
Runestones uye Kunyora
MaViking aishandisa nzira yekunyora inozivikanwa semarune, ayo ainyanya kunyorwa pamatombo, huni, mapfupa, nesimbi. Marunestone, matombo makuru akavezwa nemavara erune, aishanda sezviyeuchidzo zvevakafa, zviratidzo zvenzvimbo, uye zvinyorwa zvezviitiko zvinokosha. Matombo eJelling muDenmark ari pakati pemienzaniso yakakurumbira, yekurangarira mambo weDenmark Gorm wekare uye yekupemberera kuitwa kwechiKristu kweDenmark. Marune haana kungova ezvinangwa zvikuru chete; aishandiswawo muzvinhu zvezuva nezuva, zvakaita semakamu nezvombo, zvichipa ruzivo rwevanhu vane ruzivo rwekuverenga nekunyora munharaunda yeViking.
Unyanzvi hweViking neUnyanzvi hwekugadzira
Unyanzvi hweViking, hunozivikanwa nekuda kwemagadzirirwo ahwo akaomarara uye mifananidzo, hwakapemberera ngano dzavo nehupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva. VaViking vaibudirira mukugadzira simbi, kuveza matanda, uye machira, vachigadzira zvinhu zvakanaka uye zvinoshanda. Mifananidzo yakaoma-yakaoma yemusoro wedhiragoni yaishongedza ngarava dzavo refu, nepo mabhurochi, mhete dzemaoko, uye mazango zvaive pakati pezvishongo zvavo zvakagadzirwa neunyanzvi hukuru. Ngarava yeOseberg, ngarava yeViking yakachengetedzwa zvakanaka yakawanikwa mugomo rekuvigwa muNorway, iuchapupu hwehunyanzvi hwavo, yakashongedzwa zvakanaka uye ichiperekedzwa nezvinhu zvakawanda zvemakuva.
Nhaka uye Kufurira
Simba remaViking richiri kunzwika nanhasi. Mazita enzvimbo muEngland, Scotland, neIreland ane zviyeuchidzo zvevagari vemuNorse. Mashoko anobva kuOld Norse akaiswa mumutauro weChirungu; semuenzaniso, "denga," "zai," uye "hwindo" ane midzi yeScandinavia. Kuguma kweViking Age hakuna kureva kupera kwetsika dzavo; panzvimbo pezvo, nhaka yavo yakaramba ichiumba budiriro yeEurope.
Mukupedzisa, maViking aive tsika yakaoma uye ine simba rakawanda, simba rayo rakapararira kure kupfuura nzvimbo dzehondo negungwa guru. Kufambira mberi kwavo mukufamba nechikepe, marongerwo emagariro evanhu, mutemo, uye kutengeserana kwakasiya chiratidzo chisingakanganwiki munhoroondo. Kunyange zvazvo mukurumbira wavo unotyisa semakororo uchizivikanwa, zvakakoshawo kuziva mipiro yavo kunhaka yenyika yehunyanzvi, tekinoroji, uye tsika. MaViking aive vanhu vanonakidza uye vane mativi akawanda vane nhaka inoramba ichibata fungidziro dzedu.
