Nguva yaElizabethan uye Kubudirira kweMutambo weChirungu
Nguva yaElizabethan, inowanzonzi nguva yegoridhe yenhoroondo yeEngland, inoratidza nguva yekutonga kwaMambokadzi Elizabeth I kubva muna 1558 kusvika 1603. Nguva iyi yakafanana nekubudirira kwetsika dzeChirungu, kunyanya mumitambo yemitambo, uko kwakadyarwa mbeu dzemitambo yemazuva ano. Kukura kwemitambo yeChirungu munguva iyi kwaive chiitiko chisina kungopesvedzera mabhuku chete asiwo chakaumba mamiriro emagariro netsika dzeEngland.
Mamiriro Ezvemagariro Evanhu Nezvematongerwo Enyika
Nguva yaElizabethan yaive nguva yekugadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika, kukura kwehupfumi, uye kuvandudzwa kwetsika. Mambokadzi Elizabeth I, mutsigiri wehunyanzvi, akakurudzira nekutsigira mabasa ehunyanzvi, kusanganisira mitambo yemitambo. Nguva iyi yakaona kudzikira kwehurongwa hwehumambo hwepakati nepakati uye kumuka kwehurumende yakabatana. Kugadzikana kutsva kwakabvumira kubudirira kwehunyanzvi nemitambo yemitambo, izvo zvaimbove zvakadzvinyirirwa pasi pehutongi hwemachechi ekutanga hwaive hwakanyanya kushushikana uye husina kugadzikana.
Kukura kweMitambo yeVeruzhinji
Chimwe chezvinhu zvainyanya kukosha mumutambo weElizabethan kwaive kuumbwa kwenzvimbo dzemitambo dzeveruzhinji. Nguva iyi isati yasvika, mitambo yainyanya kuitirwa muzvivanze, mahotera, nedzimba dzemachinda. Zvisinei, muna 1576, James Burbage akavaka nzvimbo yekutanga yemitambo yeveruzhinji yakabudirira muLondon, yainzi "The Theatre." Izvi zvakateverwa nedzimwe nzvimbo dzemitambo dzakakurumbira dzakadai seThe Curtain, The Rose, The Swan, uye inonyanya kuzivikanwa, The Globe, iyo yaibatanidzwa zvakanyanya naWilliam Shakespeare.
Mafirimu aya aive zvishamiso zvekuvaka zvenguva yavo, kazhinji aiwanikwa pachena uye aikwanisa kugara vateereri vakawanda vemapoka akasiyana-siyana evanhu. Magadzirirwo emafirimu aya ane zvikuva zvavo zvekumhanya, akabvumira kudyidzana kuri pedyo pakati pevatambi nevateereri, zvichigadzira ruzivo rwemitambo rwakadzama. Kusvikika uye kufarirwa kwemafirimu aya everuzhinji kwakaratidza kusiyana kukuru kubva pamitambo yekufamba-famba uye yakavakirwa pachechi yenguva yepakati nepakati.
Vanyori vemitambo vane simba
Nguva yaElizabeth yakagadzira boka revanyori vemitambo vane mabasa akadarika nguva. William Shakespeare, uyo aiwanzoonekwa semunyori mukuru mumutauro weChirungu, ndiye aitungamira. Mitambo yaShakespeare inoongorora manzwiro evanhu nenyaya dzemagariro evanhu, kubva pakuoma kwerudo mu "Romeo naJuliet" kusvika kunyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika dze "Hamlet" na "Macbeth."
Christopher Marlowe, mumwe munhu akakosha, anonzi ndiye akachinja mutambo weChirungu nekushandisa kwake mavhesi asina chinhu uye kugadzira kwake vatambi vakaoma, vakakura kupfuura hupenyu. "Doctor Faustus" waMarlowe anoratidza kugona kwake kuronga madhirama uye kubatanidzwa kwake nepfungwa dzechinangwa chevanhu.
Ben Jonson, uyo akararama panguva imwe chete naShakespeare, aizivikanwa nemakomedhi ake aiseka aitsoropodza tsika dzevanhu dzepanguva iyoyo. Mabasa aJonson, akadai se "Volpone" ne "The Alchemist," anozivikanwa nepfungwa dzawo dzakapinza uye kunyatsoongorora maitiro evanhu.
Madingindira uye Zvitaera
Mutambo weElizabethan waive wakapfuma mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana, dzinosanganisira njodzi, makomedhi, nhoroondo, uye nyaya dzerudo. Misoro yacho inowanzo tenderera pane zvakaitika kuvanhu, zvematongerwo enyika, rudo nekutengesana, uye mibvunzo yehupenyu. Munguva iyi yakaona kugadziridzwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemitambo uye matekiniki anoramba achipesvedzera mitambo yemazuva ano.
Njodzi, dzakapesvedzerwa nemifananidzo yekare yaSeneca naSophocles, dzakawedzera munguva iyi. Njodzi dzaElizabeth, dzakadai se "King Lear" yaShakespeare ne "Tamburlaine" yaMarlowe, dzakanyatsopinda mupfungwa dzevanhu, dzichiongorora misoro yesimba, mugumo, uye kusawirirana kwetsika.
Kune rumwe rutivi, mitambo yekusetsa inowanzoshandisa kusetsa kugadzirisa nyaya dzemagariro evanhu uye upenzi hwevanhu. Mitambo yekusetsa yaShakespeare yakaita se "A Midsummer Night's Dream" uye "Twelfth Night" inoratidza kushandiswa kwehurukuro dzinosetsa, kuzivikanwa kusina kururama, uye nyaya dzakaoma kufadza nekukurudzira kufunga.
Mitambo yenhoroondo, iyo yairatidza zviitiko zvakakosha kubva kare muEngland, yakashanda kudzidzisa nekudzidzisa kudada nenyika pakati pevateereri. Mitambo yenhoroondo yaShakespeare, kusanganisira "Henry V" na "Richard III," inozivikanwa nekusanganisa kwayo chokwadi chenhoroondo uye kushongedza kweunyanzvi.
Pesvedzero yeHumanism
Humanism yeRenaissance yakanga yapararira munguva yaElizabethan yakaitawo basa guru mukuumba mutambo weChirungu. Iyi sangano repfungwa rakasimbisa mukana wekubudirira kwevanhu uye rakasimbisa kudzidza magwaro ekare. Vanyori vemitambo vakaisa kusimbisa kwehumanism pahunhu hwemunhu, kufunga kwakadzama, uye kuoma kwemamiriro evanhu mumabasa avo. Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nevanhu vane pfungwa dzakasiyana-siyana uye nyaya dzakaoma, dzichibva pamitambo yekufananidzira uye yekudzidzisa yenguva yepakati.
Kuvandudzwa kwemitambo
Vanyori vemitambo yaElizabeth vakaunzawo zvinhu zvitsva zvakakanganisa zvikuru kukura kwemutambo. Kushandiswa kwemutambo wekutaura wega, nzira iyo munhu anotaura zvaanofunga zvinonzwika, inova chishandiso chekuongorora kusawirirana kwemukati nekukura. Shakespeare akagona nzira iyi, achigadzira mamwe emitambo yekutaura wega isingakanganwiki munhoroondo yemitambo, senge "Kuve kana kusave." yaHamlet.
Pfungwa ye "kutamba mukati memutambo" yaive imwe nzira itsva yakawedzera zvirevo uye kuzvibata-bata pamitambo. Mu "Hamlet," Shakespeare anoshandisa chishandiso ichi zvine simba, achisimbisa dingindira rechitarisiko nerechokwadi.
Cultural and Social Impact
Kukura kwemitambo yeruzhinji uye kukura kwemitambo yeChirungu kwakabatsira zvikuru patsika nemagariro evanhu vemuElizabeth. Zvakaita kuti varaidzo ive yedemokrasi, zvichibvumira vanhu vanobva mumapoka akasiyana-siyana evanhu kuungana nekunakidzwa nemitambo. Kubatanidzwa uku kwakasimudzira ruzivo rwetsika dzakafanana uye kwakabatsira kubvisa kupatsanurwa kwevanhu munharaunda.
Uyezve, imba yemitambo yakava nzvimbo yekutaura nezvemagariro evanhu, uko vanyori vemitambo vaigona kutsoropodza zvine hungwaru tsika dzezvematongerwo enyika nedzemagariro evanhu venguva yavo. Kushandisa zvirevo nerunyanzwi kwakavabvumira kutaura nezvenyaya dzine gakava pasina kushora zviri pachena vanhu vane masimba.
Nhaka
Nhaka yemutambo weElizabethan yakakura zvikuru, uye simba rawo rinopfuura miganhu yenguva yawo. Mabasa aShakespeare, Marlowe, nevamwe vavo achiri kudzidzwa, kuitirwa, uye kuremekedzwa pasi rose. Kuongorora kwavo dingindira repasi rose, vatambi vakaoma, uye matekiniki matsva ekutamba kwakaisa hwaro hwemitambo yemazuva ano nemabhuku.
mhedziso
Nguva yaElizabethan yaive nguva yekukura nekugadzira zvinhu zvisina kumboitika mumutambo weChirungu. Kuumbwa kwemitambo yeruzhinji, kubuda kwevanyori vemitambo vane tarenda, pesvedzero yehunhu hwevanhu, uye hunyanzvi hwakawanda hwemitambo zvese zvakabatsira munyika ine simba uye ine simba yemitambo yeElizabethan. Nguva iyi yegoridhe yemadhirama haina kungopfumisa tsika dzeChirungu chete asiwo yakasiya chiratidzo chisingakanganwiki munhoroondo yemabhuku epasi rose nehunyanzvi hwemitambo.
