Kupera kweApartheid muSouth Africa
Kuguma kwerusaruraganda muSouth Africa chiitiko chakakosha munhoroondo yekodzero dzevanhu nedzezvematongerwo enyika. Rwendo urwu rwekuchinja kubva pakusaruraganda kwemarudzi nerusaruraganda rwakagadzirwa nemasangano kusvika pakuumbwa kwenyika ine democracy rwakaratidzirwa nemakumi emakore ekurwira, kuzvipira, uye kuramba kwakasimba kwevanhu vakawanda vekuSouth Africa nevatsigiri vepasi rose. Nyaya yekuguma kwerusaruraganda haisi nyaya yenhoroondo chete; inopupurira kusimba uye mweya usingazununguki wevanhu mukutsvaga kuenzana neruramisiro.
Kukwira kweRusaruraganda
Rusaruraganda, iro riri izwi rechiAfrikaans rinoreva "kupatsanurana," rakava mutemo wepamutemo weSouth Africa muna 1948 apo National Party yakapinda musimba. Kunyangwe kupatsanurana kwemarudzi muSouth Africa kwave kuchiitwa kubvira pakatanga kutorwa, rusaruraganda rwakaisa tsika idzi mumutemo uye rwakawedzera. Sisitimu iyi inoisa vanhu vemuSouth Africa mumapoka emarudzi: Vachena, Vatema, Vatema (marudzi akasiyana), uye maIndia, rimwe nerimwe riine kodzero dzakasiyana uye kodzero. Vatema, avo vaive ruzhinji rwevanhu, vairambidzwa zvakanyanya muhupenyu hwavo hwese, kusanganisira kwavaigona kugara, kushanda, uye kufamba.
Mitemo yakaita seMutemo weKunyoresa Vanhu, Mutemo weMapoka, neMutemo wePasi yakaronga rusaruraganda uye rusaruraganda rwezvehupfumi. Mutemo weBantu Education Act wakaita kuti vanhu vatema vekuSouth Africa vawane dzidzo yakaderera, yakagadzirirwa kuvagadzirira hupenyu hwebasa. Mitemo iyi yakaoma yakasimbiswa nechisimba nehurumende inodzvinyirira.
Kukwira kweKuramba
Kubva kunze, rusaruraganda rwakapikiswa zvikuru mukati meSouth Africa nepasi rose. Kupikisa kwekutanga kwakatungamirirwa nevanhu vakaita saNelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo, naWalter Sisulu veAfrican National Congress (ANC), sangano rerusununguko rakavambwa muna 1912. Mushandirapamwe weDefiance Campaign wemakore ekuma1950 wakaona kuunganidzwa kwevanhu vakawanda vaityora mitemo yerusaruraganda vachida kurwisa kodzero dzehurumende.
Muna 1960, kuurayiwa kwevanhu muSharpeville, uko mapurisa akapfura varatidziri vane rugare vakauraya vanhu 69 uye vakakuvadza vamwe 180, kwakachinja zvinhu zvakanyanya. Kutsamwa kwenyika kwakatevera kwakaita kuti vanhu varambe vachishora nyika uye kwakaratidza kutanga kwekurwisa nezvombo. ANC nePan-Africanist Congress (PAC) zvakarambidzwa, uye vatungamiriri vazhinji, kusanganisira Mandela, vakasungwa vakatongerwa kugara mujeri kwenguva refu. Kurambidzwa kwemasangano aya kwakakurudzira zvimwe zviitiko zvekupikisa pachivande.
Kumanikidzwa Kwepasi Pose uye Zvirango Zvehupfumi
Mumakore ekuma1960 nekuma70, hurumende yerusaruraganda yakatarisana nekusazviparadzanisa nedzimwe nyika. Sangano reUnited Nations rakapa zvisungo zvakawanda zvekushora rusaruraganda uye richikumbira kuti South Africa itemerwe zvirango. Muna 1962, Sangano reUnited Nations General Assembly rakakumbira kuti nyika dziri nhengo dzaro dzisabvumire zvinhu zvekuSouth Africa. Kumukira kweSoweto muna 1976, uko mazana evana vechikoro vatema vakaurayiwa vachiratidzira vachipikisa kuisirwa kweAfrikaans senzira yekudzidzisa, kwakawedzera kumanikidzwa kwenyika dzese, kunyanya hupfumi.
Zvirango zvehupfumi zvakatanga kuva nengozi. Muma1980, nyika nemakambani makuru akatanga kusiya South Africa. Vanhu vane mukurumbira pasi rose, kusanganisira vaimbi, vatambi, nenyanzvi, vakamira vachipikisa hurumende. Kurwisana kwepasi rose nerusaruraganda kwakakurudzira mafungiro evanhu pasi rose, zvichiita kuti rusaruraganda rusave nyaya yeSouth Africa chete, asi nyaya yekodzero dzevanhu.
Nzira yekutaurirana
Pakati pemakore ekuma1980, kumanikidzwa kwemukati nekunze kwakaita kuti rusaruraganda rusarambe ruchienderera mberi. Hupfumi hweSouth Africa hwakanga hwava mumatambudziko, uye kusagadzikana kwevanhu kwakaita kuti nyika isatongwe zvakanyanya. Bato reNational Party, richitungamirwa naPresident PW Botha, uye gare gare FW de Klerk, rakaona kuti shanduko yaidiwa, asi Mutungamiri de Klerk ndiye aizotora matanho akasimba.
Muna Kukadzi 1990, de Klerk akazivisa kusunungurwa kweANC nedzimwe nhurikidzwa dzerusununguko pamwe nekusunungurwa kwevasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika, kusanganisira Nelson Mandela. Kusunungurwa kwaMandela mushure memakore makumi maviri nemanomwe mujeri kwaive chiratidzo uye kuchinja, kuchiunza tariro uye kusimudzira shanduko.
The Negotiation Process
Nguva kubva muna 1990 kusvika 1994 yaive nguva yakakosha yekukurukurirana, inozivikanwa seConvention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA). Kukurukurirana kwacho kwaive kwakaoma uye kwakazara nemhirizhonga nekusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika. Mapoka akasiyana-siyana ezvematongerwo enyika aikwikwidzana kuti awane simba, uye nyika yakaona zviitiko zvemhirizhonga, zvakaita sekuurayiwa kwevanhu vakawanda muBoipatong nekuurayiwa kwevatungamiriri vakakurumbira vakaita saChris Hani.
Zvisinei, hutungamiriri hwakadzikama kubva kuANC neNational Party, pamwe nekumanikidzwa kukuru kubva kumasangano everuzhinji, zvakaita kuti hurukuro dzakakosha dzirambe dziri munzira. Hurukuro idzi dzakaguma nekugadzwa kwebumbiro remitemo renguva pfupi rakazotungamira kusarudzo dzekutanga dzisina rusaruraganda muna Kubvumbi 1994.
Kuzvarwa kweRudzi Rutsva
Musi wa27 Kubvumbi 1994, South Africa yakaita sarudzo yayo yekutanga yedemocracy uko vagari vemarudzi ese vaigona kuvhota. ANC yakakunda zvikuru, uye Nelson Mandela akava mutungamiri wekutanga mutema weSouth Africa. Hutungamiriri hwake, hwakaratidzwa nekuzvipira kuyananisa nekuvaka nyika, hwakazivisa kutanga kutsva kwenyika yakanga yaparadzaniswa kwenguva refu nekupatsanurwa kwemarudzi.
Kubviswa kwerusaruraganda kwaisangova kubviswa kwemitemo isina kururama chete asiwo kwaive kuvaka hwaro hwenzanga itsva yakavakirwa pakuenzana, kururamisira, uye democracy. Dare reChokwadi neKuyananisa (TRC), rakavambwa muna 1995 pasi paArchbishop Desmond Tutu, rakatsvaga kuburitsa chokwadi nezvehutsinye hwekare nekukurudzira kuyananisa rudzi rwakaparara.
Nhaka uye Matambudziko Ari Kuenderera Mberi
Kuguma kwerusaruraganda kwakaratidza kutanga kwechitsauko chitsva. Kunyange hazvo South Africa yafambira mberi zvikuru, iri kuramba ichirwisana nenhaka yerusaruraganda. Kusiyana kwehupfumi, kusaenzana kwevanhu, uye nyaya dzekusawirirana kwemarudzi zvichiripo. South Africa yedemocracy yaifanira kutarisana nematambudziko ekuchinja, ichienzanisa kudiwa kwekukura nezvinodiwa zvekuchinja.
Zvisinei, rwendo rweSouth Africa kubva murusaruraganda kuenda kuhutongi hwedemocracy ruchiri rumwe rwenyaya dzakabudirira zvikuru dzezana remakore rechi20. Izvi zvinomira sechiyeuchidzo chakasimba chekuti kunyange hurongwa hwekudzvinyirira hwakadzika midzi hunogona kuparadzwa kuburikidza nehutungamiriri hwakashinga, kushingaira kwakasimba, uye kubatana kwenyika dzakawanda.
Mukupedzisa, kuguma kwerusaruraganda muSouth Africa kwaisava chiitiko asi maitiro, anoratidzwa nekurwira kukuru uye kutsungirira kwakanaka. Ichi chiratidzo chekukunda kwevanhu pamusoro pematambudziko uye chinoramba chiri chifuridziro chisingaperi chemasangano anorwisa kudzvinyirirwa uye kutsvaga ruramisiro pasi rose. Nhaka yehondo yekurwisa rusaruraganda inoramba ichinzwika, ichisimbisa chokwadi chisingaperi chekuti ruramisiro, rusununguko, uye kuenzana zvinhu zvinoshuviwa nevanhu vose zvakakodzera kurwirwa.
