Mavambo neNhoroondo yeKarenda yaGregory
Sisitimu yekarenda inzvimbo yakakosha yekuvaka nharaunda kuti dzironge mabasa ezuva nezuva, kucherechedza chitendero, miganho yekurima, uye mabasa ekutonga. Pakati pemasisitimu akawanda ekarenda akaumbwa kwezviuru zvemakore, karenda yaGregory ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa nhasi. Yakatumidzwa zita raPope Gregory XIII, sisitimu iyi yekarenda yakatangwa muna 1582 uye zvishoma nezvishoma yakatsiva karenda yaJulian, iyo yaishandiswa kubvira 45 BC.
Karenda yaJulian
Kuti tinzwisise kukosha kwekarenda yaGregory, tinofanira kutanga taongorora karenda yaJulian yakatangira, karenda yaJulius. Yakatangwa naJulius Caesar muna 45 BC nerubatsiro rwenyanzvi yezvenyeredzi yeAlexandrian Sosigenes, karenda yaJulian yaive shanduko yekarenda yeRoma. Chinangwa chikuru chaive chekugadzirisa kusawirirana kwakakonzerwa nekuwedzera kwemazuva nemwedzi kwaimboitwa kuti gore rekarenda rienderane negore rezuva.
Karenda yaJulian yakatanga gore remazuva 365.25, ichikamura makore kuita mazuva 365, gore rekusvetuka-svetuka remazuva 366 richiwedzerwa makore mana ega ega. Kunyange zvazvo nzira iyi yaive yekuvandudza kukuru, yaive nekanganiso kadiki: kureba chaiko kwegore rezuva kwaingova mazuva 365.2425. Kusiyana uku kwemaminetsi angangoita gumi nerimwe pagore kungaita sekusina basa, asi kwemazana emakore, kwakaguma nekutsauka kukuru—rinenge zuva rimwe chete makore 128 ega ega. Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi16, kusarongeka uku kwakanga kwakonzera kuchinja kwemazuva angangoita gumi kubva pamazuva akasimbiswa eequinoxes ne solstices.
Kufamba Kwekarenda Uye Kudiwa Kwekuchinja
Kusarongeka uku kune zvakunoreva zvikuru pamitambo yechitendero chechiKristu, kunyanya Isita, iyo inoverengerwa zvichibva pamazuva echando emwaka wechirimo. Dare reNicaea muna 325 AD rakati Isita inofanira kuchengetwa neSvondo rinotevera mwedzi wekutanga wakazara mushure memazuva echando emwaka wechirimo, uyo wakaiswa musi waKurume 21. Zvisinei, nekuda kwekuchinja kwekarenda yaJulian, zuva reIsita rakapembererwa zvishoma nezvishoma rakasiyana nechiratidzo ichi chenyeredzi.
Vakatarisana nekuchinja uku, vakuru vechechi vakabvuma kuti paifanira kugadziriswa karenda kuti zviitiko zvechiKristu zvienderane nezvaitarisirwa kuitika kudenga. Papa Gregory XIII, uyo akakwira kuva Papa muna 1572, akanga akatsunga kugadzirisa nyaya iyi. Akarayira boka renyanzvi dzezvenyeredzi nedzemasvomhu, kusanganisira mupristi weJesuit Christopher Clavius nachiremba Aloysius Lilius, kuti vagadzire karenda yakarurama.
Nhanganyaya yeKarenda yaGregory
Mushure memakore ekuverenga nekuronga zvakanyatsonaka, Pope Gregory XIII akazivisa karenda yaGregory kuburikidza nemutemo wepapa wekuti "Inter gravissimas" musi wa24 Kukadzi, 1582. Zvinhu zvikuru zvekuvandudzwa kwaGregory zvaive:
1. Kugadziriswa kweMakore Anosvetuka: Karenda yaGregory yakagadzirisa hurongwa hwemakore anosvetuka. Kunyange zvazvo yakaramba iine chimiro chekutanga chegore rinosvetuka makore mana ega ega, yakaunza imwe kugadzirisa: makore anoonekwa ne100 aisazova makore anosvetuka kunze kwekunge akaonekwawo ne400. Kugadziriswa uku kwakagadzirisa kuwedzeredzwa kwekarenda yaJulian.
2. Kuchinjana Kwezuva: Kuti karenda ienderane nenguva yechirimo, mazuva gumi akasiyiwa kubva muna Gumiguru 1582. Saka, zuva rakatevera Gumiguru 4, 1582, rakava Gumiguru 15, 1582.
3. Kugamuchirwa uye Kupararira: Pakutanga, karenda yaGregory yakagamuchirwa nenyika dzechiKaturike dzeEurope, kusanganisira Spain, Portugal, neItaly. Nyika dzechiPurotesitendi nedzechiOrthodox dzakanonoka kugamuchira shanduko iyi nekuda kwekupikiswa kwechitendero nezvematongerwo enyika. Zvisinei, nekufamba kwenguva, nyika zhinji dzakachinja kuenda kuhurongwa hwaGregory, zvichikonzerwa nemabhenefiti anoshanda ekarenda yakarurama zvakafanana.
Matambudziko uye Kugamuchirwa
Pasinei nekubudirira kwayo kwenguva refu, kuchinja kuenda kukarenda yaGregory kwaive nematambudziko nemakakatanwa. Munyika idzo Protestant Reformation yakanga yatanga, dzakadai seEngland nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeGermany, pakanga paine kuramba karenda yakagadzirwa neCatholic. Kunyange zvakadaro, kudiwa kwakasimba kwehurongwa hwakafanana uye hwakarurama mune zvesainzi kwakapedzisira kwakunda kuramba kwechitendero nezvematongerwo enyika.
– Nyika dzechiPurotesitendi: England nemakoloni ayo haana kushandisa karenda yaGregory kusvika muna 1752. Panguva iyi, musiyano wacho wakanga wakura kusvika pamazuva gumi nerimwe, saka musi wa2 Gunyana, 1752, wakateverwa na14 Gunyana, 1752. Kuchinja uku kwakakonzera kushamisika kweveruzhinji, nekutya mazuva akarasika uye kukanganisa mabhizinesi.
– Nyika dzeOrthodox: Nyika dzine vanhu vakawanda vekuEastern Orthodox, dzakadai seRussia neGreece, dzakaramba dziripo kwenguva yakareba. Semuenzaniso, Russia haina kushandisa karenda yaGregory kusvika mushure meBolshevik Revolution muna 1918. Greece yakatevedzerawo muna 1923.
Pesvedzero yeKarenda yaGregory Pasi Rose
Nhasi uno, karenda yaGregory haingoshandi sekarenda yehurumende chete kune vazhinji vepasi rose asiwo inotsigira hurongwa hwenyika dzekutengeserana, kutaurirana, uye kuchinjana tsika. Kuitwa kwayo kwakapa hurongwa hwakasimba hunobatsira kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose uye kubatanidzwa kwezviitiko munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzenguva nemamiriro etsika.
Zvinocherechedzwa Aspects
Karenda yaGregory inopesvedzera zvinopfuura mabasa epasi rose. Inoramba ichiita basa rakakosha mukucherechedza chitendero, kunyanya mukati mechiKristu, uko inosarudza mazuva ezviitiko zvakakosha zvakaita seIsita neKisimusi. Uyezve, yakapesvedzera mamwe maitiro ekarenda, ichikurudzira kuwirirana mutsika dzakasiyana-siyana.
mhedziso
Karenda yaGregory, ine midzi yayo mukudiwa kwekugadzirisa zvikanganiso zvekarenda yaJulian, inomira seuchapupu hwehungwaru hwevanhu mukubatanidza nguva nechokwadi chemuchadenga. Kukura kwayo uye kushandiswa kwayo pasi rose zvinoratidza musanganiswa wekuedza kwesainzi uye kutonga kwakasimba, zvichiratidza kuti nzanga dzinochinja sei uye dzinofambira mberi nekufamba kwenguva. Sezvatinopinda muzana remakore rechi21, karenda yaGregory inoramba iri dombo guru rekuronga kwedu kwenguva, ichibatanidza hupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva nemitambo yekudenga yepasi redu.
