Nhoroondo Yese yeUmambo hweOttoman
Dzinza reOttoman, iro rinozivikanwawo seImba yaOsman, nderimwe remadzimambo anoshamisa uye anogara kwenguva refu munhoroondo. Rakatangira pakupera kwezana remakore rechi13 kusvika kutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, richitamba basa guru mune zvematongerwo enyika, tsika, uye hupfumi hweEurope neAsia. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora nhoroondo yakazara yeDzinza reOttoman, richitevera mavambo aro, kukwira kwesimba, kukwirira, uye kudzikira kwaro pakupedzisira.
Mavambo uye Nheyo
Humambo hweOttoman hwakavambwa naOsman I muna 1299. Zita rehumambo uhwu rinobva pana Osman I (anonziwo Othman), uyo aive mutungamiri wemadzinza eTurkey muAnatolia. Osman, akaberekwa muna 1258, akabatsirwa nekuderera kweSeljuk Sultanate yeRum uye kusasimba kwekutonga kweByzantine munharaunda iyi. Hutungamiriri hwake nekufambira mberi kwake muhondo zvakapa hwaro hwakasimba hwehumambo hwaizova hune simba.
Kuwedzera Kwepakutanga
Pasi pehutungamiriri hwaOsman I, hutongi hweOttoman hwakatanga kukura, huchitora nzvimbo kubva kuByzantine Empire. Vatsivi vake, kunyanya Orhan (mwanakomana waOsman), vakaramba vachikura. Orhan akatora Bursa muna 1326, zvichiita kuti ive guta rekutanga rakakosha reOttoman uye akariita guta guru rekutanga kweumambo. Munguva iyi yakaonawo maOttoman achigadzira hurongwa hwehutungamiriri nehondo hwakarongeka, hwaizova hwakakosha pakukura kwavo mune ramangwana.
Kukundwa kweConstantinople
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha munhoroondo yehumambo hweOttoman kwaive kukundwa kweConstantinople muna 1453 naSultan Mehmed II, anozivikanwawo saMehmed the Conqueror. Maitiro aMehmed ehondo uye kushandiswa kwezvombo zvakakunda masvingo eConstantinople aive nemakore akawanda, zvichiratidza kuguma kweHumambo hweByzantine. Kudonha kweguta hakuna kungopa maOttoman guta guru rakakosha nenzira yekufananidzira uye yehurongwa asiwo kwakaratidza kutanga kwenguva itsva yekutonga kweOttoman. Istanbul, sezvayakatumidzwa zita idzva, yakava nzvimbo yetsika nehupfumi inobudirira, ichibatanidza Europe neAsia.
Nguva Yegoridhe: Süleyman Anoshamisa
Humambo hweOttoman hwakasvika pakakwirira panguva yekutonga kwaSüleyman the Magnificent (1520-1566). Süleyman akawedzera miganhu yeumambo kusvika kuEurope, North Africa, neMiddle East. Kurwisa kwake mauto kwakaita kuti nzvimbo dzakadai seHungary, zvikamu zveAustria, nezvikamu zvikuru zvePersian Gulf zvitongwe neOttoman.
Süleyman aivewo mupi wemitemo ane mukurumbira; shanduko dzake dzemutemo nekuvandudzwa kwehurongwa hwemitemo hwakarongeka zvakamupa zita rake. Pamusoro pezvo, kutsigira kwake hunyanzvi kwakaita kuti tsika, zvivakwa, mabhuku, nesainzi zvibudirire. Zvivako zvakakurumbira, zvakaita seSüleymaniye Mosque, zvinomira seuchapupu hwenguva ino yekubudirira nehukuru hwetsika.
Kuderera uye Matambudziko
Kudzikira kweHumambo hweOttoman kunowanzo kukonzerwa nekusangana kwekusawirirana kwemukati, kumanikidzwa kwekunze, uye shanduko dzakakundikana. Mushure meSüleyman, humambo hwakatarisana nematambudziko makuru, anosanganisira:
1. Kusagadzikana mune Zvematongerwo enyika: Vatongi vemasultani vakazotevera vakanga vasina hunhu hwehutungamiriri hwakafanana nehwavakatangira, zvikaita kuti pave nekurwira masimba mukati menyika uye hutongi hwakaipa.
2. Matambudziko Ehupfumi: Kukura kukuru kweumambo kwakaita kuti zviome kutonga, uye maitiro ehupfumi ekare, pamwe nekukanganiswa kwenzira dzekutengeserana, zvakaderedza hupfumi hwayo.
3. Kukundwa kwemauto: Humambo hwacho hwakasangana nematambudziko akawanda ehondo, kunyanya kukundikana muKukomba kweVienna muna 1683 uye kukundwa kwakatevedzana muhondo nemasimba eEurope, zvichideredza zvishoma nezvishoma kutonga kweOttoman.
4. Kuora Kwehutungamiriri: Hurongwa hwehutungamiriri hwaimboshanda zvakanaka hwakatanga kutadza kushanda. MaJanissaries, boka remauto repamusoro, vakava nehuori uye vane simba mune zvematongerwo enyika, zvichiwedzera kukanganisa umambo.
Kuchinja kweTanzimat uye Kuedza Kuvandudza Zvinhu
Muzana remakore rechi19, Umambo hweOttoman hwakaedza kugadzirisa zvinhu munguva yeTanzimat (1839-1876), yakatangwa naSultan Mahmud II ndokuenderera mberi nevakamutevera. Kuchinja uku kwaive nechinangwa chekugadzirisazve hurongwa hwehutungamiriri, hwemauto, uye hwehupfumi kuti husimbise umambo uye kudzivirira kupinda kweEurope. Kuchinja kwakakosha kwaisanganisira:
- Kuvandudza Uto: Kuvandudza kudzidziswa kwemauto nezvivakwa kuti zvikwikwidzane nemauto eEurope.
- Kugadzirisa Mashandiro Ehurumende: Kugadzirisa hurongwa hwehurumende nekuderedza huori.
– Kugadziriswa kwehupfumi: Kuvandudza masisitimu emitero uye kukurudzira maindasitiri.
Pasinei nekuedza uku, umambo hwakatambura kuti huenderane neEurope yaikurumidza kukura mumaindasitiri uye kuchinja zvematongerwo enyika.
Chimurenga cheVechidiki veTurk neUmambo hweBumbiro reMitemo
Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, veYoung Turks, sangano rekuchinja zvinhu, vakakura mukurumbira, vachitsigira kuti zvinhu zviitwe patsva uye kuti pave neumambo hune bumbiro remitemo. Chimurenga cheYoung Turk muna 1908 chakadzoreredza bumbiro remitemo uye chakaganhurira masimba esultan, zvikaita kuti pave neNguva yeChipiri yeBumbiro reMitemo. Zvisinei, mapoka ezvematongerwo enyika, kutyisidzira kwekunze, neHondo Yenyika I zvakakonzera matambudziko makuru kukuchinja uku.
Hondo Yenyika I uye Kuparara kweUmambo
Kubatanidzwa kweUmambo hweOttoman muHondo Yenyika I kwaive nguva yakakosha mukudzikira kwayo. Vachibatana neCentral Powers, maOttoman vakakundwa zvakanyanya uye vakarasikirwa nenzvimbo dzakakura. Zvakazoitika mushure mehondo, pamwe chete nemafambiro erudzi munzvimbo dzayo, zvakaita kuti umambo huparare.
Kukundwa kwekupedzisira kwakauya neChibvumirano cheSèvres muna 1920, icho chakagovanisa nzvimbo huru yeOttoman pakati pemasimba eAllied. Hondo yeKuzvitonga yeTurkey yakatevera (1919-1923), yakatungamirirwa naMustafa Kemal Atatürk, yakazoguma nekubviswa kweOttoman Sultanate muna 1922. Izvi zvakaratidza kuguma kweOttoman Dynasty uye kuvambwa kweRepublic of Turkey muna 1923.
Nhaka uye Mhedziso
Nhaka yehumambo hweOttoman yakadzama uye yakaoma. Kwemakore anopfuura mazana matanhatu, yakaumba mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika, tsika, uye hupfumi hwenzvimbo yakakura, ichisiya chiratidzo chisingakanganwiki munhoroondo. Kubva kuzvishamiso zvekuvaka zveIstanbul kusvika kumipiro yetsika muhunyanzvi, mimhanzi, uye mabhuku, pesvedzero yevaOttoman ichiripo.
Nhoroondo yehumambo inoshandawo sechiyeuchidzo chakasimba chekuchinja-chinja kwesimba, matambudziko ehutongi, uye mhedzisiro yekuvandudzwa. Nyaya yehumambo hweOttoman haisi nyaya yekukunda nekudzikira chete asi inoratidza kugona kwehunhu kugara kwenguva refu kwekuchinja nekushanduka-shanduka kuburikidza nemakore.
