Tau o te Ira Tangata: Te Pūtake Ira o te Ora
Ko ngā ira-kōmona he hanganga nui kei roto i ngā pūtau e whai wāhi nui ana ki te penapena me te whakarite i ngā mōhiohio ira. He rerekē te maha o ngā ira-kōmona o ia mea ora, e whakatau ana i tōna tuakiri ira. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga te maha o ngā ira-kōmona i roto i ngā momo momo, tōna hiranga, me tōna awe ki ngā āhuatanga koiora me te whanaketanga.
Te Whakamāramatanga me te Hanganga o ngā Chromosome
Ko ngā ira-ira he DNA e takai ana i ngā pūmua e kiia nei ko ngā histones. Ka hangaia he hanganga kiato, he hanganga whakarite, e āhei ai te rokiroki pai o ngā mōhiohio ira. I roto i te tangata, kei roto ngā ira-ira i te karihi pūtau, ā, he roa, he porowhita ngā raupapa DNA, e mau ana i ngā mano tini o ngā ira e whakamārama ana i ngā tohutohu koiora e tika ana mō te tipu, te whanaketanga, me te mahi a ia rauropi.
Te Hiranga o te Tau o te Ira Tangata
He mea nui te tau o ngā ira tangata i roto i te ira tangata nā te mea ka whakatau i te pumau o te ira tangata o te rauropi. I roto i te nuinga o ngā wā, e pā tika ana te tau o ngā ira tangata ki te kaha o te rauropi ki te whakaputa uri me te ora. Hei tauira, e 23 ngā takirua ira tangata o te tangata, e 46 katoa. O ēnei takirua e 23, e 22 e mōhiotia ana ko ngā autosome, ā, ko tētahi takirua ko te ira tangata, e whakatau ana i te ira tangata o te tangata: XX mō ngā uwha me XY mō ngā tāne.
Te Rerekētanga o te Tau o ngā Ira Tangata i roto i ngā Momo Rerekē
He rerekē rawa te maha o ngā ira-ira i waenga i ngā momo rerekē. Hei tauira:
– Tangata (Homo sapiens): 46 ngā ira.
– Hoiho (Equus ferus caballus): 64 chromosomes.
– Kuri (Canis lupus familiaris): 78 chromosomes.
– Ngeru (Felis catus): 38 chromosomes.
– Te tipu kānga (Zea mays): 20 ngā ira-kōromē.
I roto i te ao tipu, ka nui ake te rerekētanga o te maha o ngā ira. Kua tuhia ētahi tipu he rau ki te mano ngā ira. Ka kiia tēnei āhuatanga he polyploidy, ka puta ina neke atu i te rua ngā huinga ira o ngā rauropi. Hei tauira, he maha ngā wā ka puta te hua o te polyploidy i ngā tipu witi me ngā tipu rīwai.
Te Pānga o te Tau o te Ira Tangata ki te Whanaketanga
He mea nui te maha me te hanganga o ngā ira-kōromōhio i roto i te whanaketanga o ngā rauropi. Ka taea e ngā huringa o te maha, o te hanganga rānei o ngā ira-kōromōhio te arahi ki ngā huringa nui o te hanganga ira o te rauropi. Hei tauira, ko te whakakotahitanga, te wehenga rānei o ngā ira-kōromōhio ka arahi ki te whakarōpūtanga, arā, te hanganga o ngā momo hou.
Ko tētahi tauira rongonui ko te whanaketanga o te ira 2 i roto i te tangata. Kotahi te ira iti iho i te tangata i ō rātou whanaunga tata, arā, ngā tīmpani, e 48 ō rātou ira. E kī ana ngā tātaritanga ira ko te ira 2 o te tangata te hua o te hanumitanga o ngā ira tūpuna e rua i roto i ngā primates.
Te Āhua Tau o te Ira Tangata
Kāore e mau tonu te maha o ngā ira tangata i roto i ngā rauropi katoa. He mea noa ngā rerekētanga o te maha o ngā ira tangata, ā, ka pā kino pea ki te hauora o te tangata. Ko ētahi o ngā āhuatanga ira ka puta mai i ngā ira tangata tāpiri, ngaro rānei, e mōhiotia ana ko te aneuploidy. Ko ētahi tauira o ēnei āhuatanga ko:
– Te mate Down: I puta mai i te aroaro o te tuatoru o ngā tārua o te ira 21. He rerekē ngā taumata o te ngoikore o te hinengaro me te tipu tinana o te hunga whai i tēnei mate.
– Te mate Turner: He mate e pā ana ki ngā wāhine ina ngaro katoa, ina ngaro rānei tetahi wāhanga o ngā ira X, ā, ka 45 katoa ngā ira X.
– Te mate Klinefelter: He mate i roto i ngā tāne e whai wāhi ana ki te kotahi, neke atu rānei o ngā ira X tāpiri, ko te nuinga he 47,XXY.
Ehara i te mea he mea nui noa iho ēnei rangahau aneuploidy mō te tautuhi haumanu me te ira tangata, engari he māramatanga nui anō hoki mō te pānga o ngā rerekētanga ira ki te āhua o te ira tangata.
Rangahau me ngā Whakamuatanga i roto i ngā Rangahau ira-ira
Nā ngā whanaketanga hangarau i roto i te koiora ngota i taea ai te rangahau atu mō ngā ira me tō rātou maha. Ko ngā tikanga pēnei i te karyotyping, e āhei ai tātou ki te tiro i ngā ira i raro i te karuārai, me ngā tikanga hou pēnei i te raupapatanga ira kua huri i tō tātou māramatanga ki te hanganga me te mahi a ngā ira.
He whai hua anō hoki ngā rangahau ira-ira i roto i te ahuwhenua me te rongoā. Hei tauira, mā te whakarerekē i te maha o ngā ira-ira i roto i ngā tipu, ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao te waihanga i ngā momo hou he ātete ake ki te mate, he nui ake rānei ngā hua. I roto i te rongoā, ko te mārama ki ngā ira-ira me ngā ira-ira ka whai wāhi ki te whanaketanga o te rongoā ira me te rongoā tika e aro ana ki ngā mate ira motuhake.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui te tau o ngā ira ira i roto i te koiora ira e whai pānga ana ki te mahi me te whanaketanga o ngā rauropi. Mā te kanorau o ngā tau o ngā ira ira i roto i te taiao ka kitea te āhua o te urutau me te tupu o te ora i roto i ngā āhuatanga taiao rerekē. I te haere tonu o te hangarau me ngā tikanga rangahau, ka haere tonu te pakari o tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā ira, ka āwhina ki te whakaoti i ngā mea ngaro ira kāore anō kia whakatauhia, me te tuku otinga auaha ki ngā wero hauora me te ahuwhenua ā muri ake nei.
