Ngā Momo Ira: Ngā Kaupapa Taketake o te Koiora Ira
Ko ngā ira-kōmi he hanganga moroiti kei roto i ngā pūtau e pupuri ana i ngā mōhiohio ira e tika ana mō te tipu, te whanaketanga, me te mahi a ngā rauropi. I roto i te koiora, he mahi nui tā ngā ira-kōmi, ā, koinei anō te kaupapa matua o te ako i roto i te ao ira. Ko te mārama ki ngā ira-kōmi ko te ruku hohonu ki te reo taketake o te ora. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā momo ira-kōmi, ā rātou mahi, me tō rātou hiranga ki ngā rauropi.
Te Whakamāramatanga me te Hanganga o ngā Chromosome
I roto i ngā pūtau eukaryotic katoa, kei roto i te karihi ngā ira. Ko ngā ira he mea tito mai i te DNA (waikawa deoxyribonucleic) me ngā pūmua e kiia nei ko ngā histones. Kei roto i te DNA ngā mōhiohio ira kua whakaritea hei ira. I roto i te āhua hanganga ake, ka takai pūmau te DNA roa ki roto i ngā ira, kia uru ai ki roto i te karihi pūtau.
I te wā e whakarite ana ngā pūtau ki te wehewehe, ka nui haere te hiranga o ngā ira. Ka whakaputa uri rātou, kia mōhio ai ka whiwhi ia pūtau tamahine i tētahi huinga ira katoa. Hei tauira, i roto i te tangata, e 23 ngā takirua ira, ā, e 46 katoa ngā ira. Kei roto i ia takirua he ira kotahi i riro mai i te whaea, me tētahi i riro mai i te pāpā.
Ngā Momo Chromosome i runga i te Tūnga o te Centromere
Ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā ira-kōmona i runga i te tūranga o te centromere, te wāhi e wehea ai te ira-kōmona kia rua ngā ringa. Ka pāngia te āhua me te mahi o te ira-kōmona e ngā tūranga rerekē o ngā centromere. Anei ētahi momo ira-kōmona i runga i te tūranga o te centromere:
1. Matapokapū
Kei waenganui tata te pokapū o ngā ira-kōrome metacentric, nō reira he tata ōrite te roa o ngā ringa p me te q. He āhua "V" te āhua o ēnei ira-kōrome i raro i te karuārai i te wā e wehea ana te pūtau.
2. Pokapū-iti
I roto i ngā ira-kōrome kei raro i te pūtahi, kāore te pūtahi i waenganui, engari ka nekehia paku ki tetahi taha, ka roa ake tetahi ringa i tetahi atu. He āhua "L" te āhua o ēnei ira-kōrome.
3. Acrocentric
He tino tata te pokapū o tēnei momo ki te pito o te ira, ā, ka puta he ringa roa kotahi, he ringa poto kotahi. He maha ngā wā ka pā tēnei kore taurite ki te āhua o te whakaaturanga o ngā ira.
4. Telocentric
Kei te pito o te irahiko ngā irahiko telocentric, ā, kotahi noa te ringa e puta ai. I roto i te tangata, kāore e kitea ngā irahiko telocentric, engari kei roto i ētahi atu momo.
Ngā Momo o ngā Chromosome i runga i te Mahi
Haunga te tūnga o te centromere, ka taea hoki te whakarōpū i ngā chromosomes i runga i tā rātou mahi i roto i te rauropi:
1. Ngā Ira-ira-ā-Iwi
Ko ngā ira-ira ā-ira te hunga tuatahi e 22 o ngā takirua ira-ira tangata. Kāore rātou e whai wāhi ki te whakatau i te ira tangata o te tangata, engari he maha ngā ira kei a rātou e whakahaere ana i ngā mahi koiora. Ka taea e ngā āhuatanga rerekē, ngā whakarerekētanga rānei o ēnei ira-ira te arahi ki ngā mate ira tuku iho.
2. Ngā Ira Ira Tangata
Ko ngā ira ira te takirua ira 23 o te tangata, ā, ko ēnei te kawenga mō te whakatau ira tangata. E rua ngā momo ira tangata o te tangata: ko te X me te Y. E rua ngā ira X (XX) o te wahine, ko te ira X me te ira Y (XY) o te tāne. Ko te noho mai, te ngaro rānei o te ira Y he mea nui ki te whanaketanga o ngā āhuatanga ira tuarua.
Ngā Rerekētanga me ngā Ira Whakarerekētanga o te Ira
Ka puta pea ngā whakarerekētanga ira, arā, ngā rerekētanga o te hanganga o ngā ira, ka pā nui ki tētahi rauropi. He maha ngā momo whakarerekētanga nui o ngā ira:
1. Mukunga (Ngaronga)
Ka puta ina ngaro, ina mukua rānei tētahi wāhanga o te ira oro, ka mate pea tētahi, ētahi atu rānei o ngā ira nui.
2. Tāruarua
Ka puta mai ina tāruatia tētahi wāhanga o te ira tangata, ka puta ake i roto i te ira tangata neke atu i te kotahi.
3. Hurihuri
Ka hurihia ngā wāhanga o te ira tangata ka whakaurua anō ki roto i te ira tangata, ka taea e tēnei te whakararuraru i te whakaaturanga ira i taua wāhi.
4. Te Whakawhiti
Te whakawhitiwhiti i ngā wāhanga i waenga i ngā ira kore-taurite. Ka taea e tēnei te whakaputa i ngā huringa nui ki te whakaritenga ira, ka arahi ki te mate, ki ngā mate ira rānei.
5. Aneuploidy
He āhuatanga e kore e ōrite te maha o ngā ira o ngā pūtau. Hei tauira, ko te mate Down syndrome ka puta mai i te noho mai o tētahi atu tārua o te ira 21 (trisomy 21).
Ngā Rangahau ira-ira i roto i te Rongoā me te Rangahau
He maha ngā huarahi kua huakina mai i te rangahau i ngā ira tangata i roto i te rongoā me te ira tangata. Ko te tātari ira tangata, ko tētahi o ēnei ka mahia mā te tikanga e mōhiotia ana ko te karyotyping, ko te tā i ngā ira tangata me te tautuhi i aua ira tangata mō ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te hanganga, o te mahi rānei.
He maha ngā wā ka mahia ngā whakamātautau i mua i te whānautanga hei kimi i ngā hapa ira i roto i te tamaiti i roto i te kōpū, pērā i te trisomy 21, hei whakatū i ngā mahi ārai wawe. Kei roto hoki i ngā rangahau ira te ako i ngā whakarerekētanga ira i roto i te mate pukupuku. He maha ngā wā ka haere tahi te mate pukupuku me ngā whakarerekētanga ira i roto i ngā ira, ka pā ki te haere o te mate, ki te urupare rānei a te tūroro ki te rongoā.
Whakamutunga
He mahi nui tā ngā ira-kōmona i roto i te tukunga iho ira me te mahi a te rauropi. Mā te mārama ki ngā momo ira-kōmona, i runga i te hanganga me te mahi, ka kitea he māramatanga hohonu ki te koiora ngota me te ira-kōmona. He mea nui ngā ira-kōmona ehara i te mea mō ngā kairangahau me ngā kaipūtaiao anake, engari mō te hunga e whai wāhi ana ki te hauora, nā te mea ka taea te whakamahi i tēnei mōhiotanga ki te tātaritanga me te rongoā i ngā mate ira-kōmona. Mā te haere tonu o te hangarau me te rangahau, ka tipu haere tonu tō tātou mōhiotanga ki ngā ira-kōmona me ō rātou pānga ki te ora, ka huaki te kuaha ki tētahi heke mai hauora whaiaro ake, whai hua ake hoki.
