Ngā Tauira Pātai me te Kōrero mō te Tau o ngā Chromosome
I roto i te koiora, he hanganga nui ngā ira-kōmona e kawe ana i ngā mōhiohio ira mai i tētahi whakatipuranga ki tētahi whakatipuranga. He mea nui te mārama ki ngā ira-kōmona mō ngā ākonga koiora, nā te mea e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga maha pērā i te ira-kōmona, te whanaketanga, me te hauora tangata. Ka whakaratohia e tēnei tuhinga ētahi tauira raruraru e kapi ana i te kaupapa o te tau o ngā ira-kōmona, me ngā kōrero hei whakahōhonu ake i tō tātou māramatanga.
Te Mārama ki ngā Ira-Kīromā
Ko ngā ira-ira he hanganga kei roto i te karihi pūtau e mau ana i ngā ira. Kei roto i ia pūtau tangata noa e 46 ngā ira-ira, arā, e 22 ngā takirua o ngā autosome me te kotahi te takirua o ngā ira-ira (XX mō ngā wāhine me XY mō ngā tāne). He mea nui te maha tika o ngā ira-ira mō te mahi noa o ngā pūtau, ā, mā ngā panonitanga o te maha o ngā ira-ira ka arahi pea ki ngā mate ira.
Tauira Pātai 1: Ngā Kaupapa Taketake o te Tau o ngā Ira Tangata
Pātai: E hia ngā ira-ira e kitea ana i roto i te pūtau tinana tangata noa?
Kōrero:
E 46 ngā ira ira o te pūtau tinana tangata, arā, te pūtau tinana tinana. E 23 ngā takirua ira o ēnei, e 22 ngā takirua he autosome, ā, kotahi te takirua he ira ira. Ko ngā autosome he ira kāore e whakatau i te ira tangata, ā, he rite tonu i waenga i ngā ira tangata. Ko ngā ira ira tangata, i tētahi atu taha, e whakatau ana i te ira tangata koiora o te tangata. I roto i ngā pūtau tinana tangata, he diploid te maha o ngā ira, arā, e rua ngā huinga ira i riro mai i ia mātua.
Tauira Pātai 2: Ngā Irahiko Gamete
Pātai: Mena he 46 ngā ira-kōromō o te pūtau tinana o te tangata, e hia ngā ira-kōromō kei roto i te pūtau pūtau tangata?
Kōrero:
Ko ngā gametes, arā, ngā pūtau ira tangata, he haurua noa iho te maha o ngā chromosomes e kitea ana i roto i ngā pūtau tinana. Nō reira, e 23 ngā chromosomes o ngā gametes tangata. Ka kiia tēnei ko te tau haploid (n). Ka kiia ngā gametes tāne he parāoa, ko ngā gametes wahine ia he hua manu. Ina puta te whakatō, ka whakawhiwhia e te parāoa me te hua manu he 23 ngā chromosomes, ka hua ake he zygote me te 46 ngā chromosomes.
Tauira Pātai 3: Te Āhua Kore o te Tau o te Ira Tangata
Pātai: Whakamāramahia te mea ka puta mēnā he rerekē te maha o ngā ira-ira o te tangata.
Kōrero:
Ka taea e ngā panonitanga o te maha o ngā ira i roto i ngā pūtau tangata te whakaputa i tētahi āhuatanga e mōhiotia ana ko te aneuploidy. Ka taea te puta te aneuploidy i runga i ngā autosome, i ngā ira ira rānei. Ko te tauira tino rongonui o te aneuploidy ko te Down syndrome, e puta mai ana i te aroaro o tētahi atu ira 21 (trisomy 21). E 47 ngā ira o te hunga whai Down syndrome. I taua wā, i runga i ngā ira ira, ko ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) te Turner syndrome rānei (XO) ka puta mai i te maha rerekē o ngā ira. He maha ngā wā ka puta te aneuploidy i te korenga o te wehenga pūtau i te wā o te meiosis.
Tauira Pātai 4: Polyploidy
Pātai: He aha te polyploidy? Ā, he mea noa te polyploidy i roto i te tangata?
Kōrero:
Ko te polyploidy he āhuatanga e neke atu i te rua ngā huinga chromosome o tētahi rauropi. Ko te tikanga, he nui ake te kitea o te polyploidy i roto i ngā tipu. Hei tauira, he maha ngā momo hua ahuwhenua, pērā i te witi me te rōpere, he polyploidy. I roto i te tangata me te nuinga o ngā kararehe, he mate te polyploidy, ā, ka kore e puta te hua i mua atu, i muri tata mai rānei i te whakatōnga.
Tauira Pātai 5: Tātari Kauwhata Karyotype
Pātai: Me pēhea te whakamahi i te karyotype hei kite i ngā hapa o te maha o ngā chromosome?
Kōrero:
Ko te karyotype he whakaaturanga tirohanga o ngā chromosome katoa i roto i te pūtau. Mā te tātari karyotype, ka taea e tātou te tatau i te maha o ngā chromosome me te kite i te aroaro o ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te chromosome pērā i te trisomy, te monosomy rānei. Hei tauira, mō te trisomy 21, ka whakaatuhia e te tātari karyotype e toru ngā tārua o te chromosome 21, hei utu mō ngā tārua e rua kei roto i te tangata noa.
Mā te karyotyping ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao me ngā tākuta te tautuhi wawe i ngā mate ira ka puta mai i te maha o ngā ira rerekē. He taputapu nui tēnei i roto i te rangahau ira me te tautuhi hauora.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui te mārama ki te maha me te mahi a ngā ira i roto i te koiora, inā koa i roto i te ira me te hauora. Ka taea e ngā rerekētanga o te maha o ngā ira te arahi ki ngā momo āhuatanga ira ka pā nui ki ngā tāngata takitahi. Mā roto i ngā tauira raruraru me ngā kōrero i runga ake nei, ka taea e tātou te hōhonu ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki tēnei ariā me tōna whakamahinga i roto i ngā horopaki whānui. Mā te mārama hōhonu ake ki ngā ira ka āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama ake ki ngā ira tangata me tōna hononga ki te hauora me ngā mate ira. Ka homai hoki ki a tātou he mārama hōhonu ake ki te hiranga o te koiora pūtau me te whanaketanga i roto i te oranga o ia rā.
