Hītori me te Whanaketanga o ngā Karu Tirotiro
Ko te karu tiro tetahi o ngā taputapu pūtaiao tino nui kua hangaia e te tangata. Nā tōna kaha ki te whakanui i ngā mea tawhiti, kua taea e te tangata te mātakitaki i ngā āhuatanga taiao i tua atu i ngā kare noa. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tūhuratia e tātou te hītori o te karu tiro mai i ōna hanganga tuatahi ki ngā whanaketanga hou kua waiho hei taputapu kaha i roto i te ao arorangi o ēnei rā.
Te Tīmatanga o te Kitea o te Karu Whānui
Ko te whakaaro nui ki te hanganga o te karu tirohanga ko Galileo Galilei, he kaipūtaiao Itari i noho i te mutunga o te rautau 16 me te tīmatanga o te rautau 17. Heoi, ko te karu tirohanga tuatahi i hangaia i mua e te kaihanga Tatimana, a Hans Lippershey, i te tau 1608. He kaihanga mōhiti a Lippershey, ā, i kitea e ia mā te whakarite i ngā karāhe e rua ki tētahi whakaritenga, ka taea e ia te hanga i tētahi mānukanuka whatu e whakanui ana i ngā mea tawhiti.
I te rongonga mō tēnei kitenga, ka tīmata tonu a Galileo ki te hanga i tana ake putanga o te karu tiro. I te tau 1609, i angitu tana hanga i tētahi karu tiro māmā me te whakanui tata ki te 20 ngā wā. Mā tēnei taputapu, i tirotirohia e Galileo ngā maunga me ngā awaawa i runga i te mata o te Marama, i kitea e ia ngā amiorangi o Hūpiter, e mōhiotia nei ko ngā marama o Kariri, ā, i tirotirohia hoki ngā āhua o Hine-tū-rangi. Nā ēnei kitenga i whakarato he taunakitanga kaha mō te ariā heliocentric a Copernicus, i kī ai ko ngā aorangi, tae atu ki te Ao, e huri haere ana i te Rā.
Ngā Whanaketanga Anō i ngā rautau 17 me 18
Whai muri i ngā takoha tuatahi a Galileo, he maha ngā kaipūtaiao me ngā kaihanga i aro ki ngā karu tiro. Nā Johannes Kepler, he tohunga tātai arorangi Tiamana, he tohunga pāngarau hoki, i whakapai ake i te hoahoa karu tiro mā te whakawhanake i te karu tiro Keplerian i te tau 1611 pea. E rua ngā karāhe kōpiko i whakamahia i tēnei hoahoa, ā, i puta ai he ahua mārama ake, he whānui ake hoki i te karu tiro a Galileo.
I waenganui o te rautau 17, i whakawhanakehia e Isaac Newton, he kaipūtaiao Ingarihi rongonui mō āna ture nekehanga me te kaha ā-papa, te karu whakaata tuatahi. I whakamahia e tēnei karu whakaata he whakaata kōpiko hei arotahi i te mārama, kaua ki te arotahi. Ko te painga matua o te karu whakaata Newtonian ko tōna kaha ki te karo i te raruraru o te he o te tae, he mea uaua ki te whakakorea e ngā arotahi.
I te rautau 18, i tino whakapaingia ngā karu tiro. I whakamahia e William Herschel, he tohunga whetū Piritana i whānau ki Tiamana, he karu tiro whakaata hei kimi i te aorangi a Uranus i te tau 1781. Koinei te kitenga tuatahi o ngā aorangi mai i ngā wā onamata, ā, i whakawhānui ake i ngā rohe e mōhiotia ana o te pūnaha rā .
Te rautau 19: Te pikinga o te tika me te rahi
I te rautau 19 i kitea ngā whanaketanga nui o te hanganga karu tiro. Ko tētahi o ngā karu tiro nui rawa atu o tōna wā ko te Leviathan o Parsonstown, i hangaia e William Parsons, te tuatoru o ngā Earl o Rosse, i Airana. He whakaata whakaata tōna, 1,8 mita te whānui, koia te karu tiro nui rawa atu o te ao i taua wā.
I tino ahu whakamua hoki te hangarau hanga karāhe. I rongonui a Alvan Clark & Sons, he kamupene Amerikana, mō tāna mahi ki te hanga karāhe whatu tino tika. I te tau 1877, i hangaia e rātou he karāhe mō te Lick Observatory i California, koia te karāhe karu tirohanga nui rawa atu i taua wā, me te whānui o te karāhe he 91 cm.
Ngā Karu Tirotiro Hou i te rautau 20
I te taenga mai o te rautau 20, ka nui ake ngā auahatanga hou mō ngā karu tiro. Ko te karu tiro nui rawa atu i hangaia ko te Hooker Telescope i Mount Wilson Observatory, California. Me te whakaata e 2,5 mita te whānui, he mea nui tēnei karu tiro i roto i te kitenga a Edwin Hubble i te whānui o te ao me tana ariā mō te whānui o te ao.
Heoi, ko te panonitanga nui i roto i te hangarau karu tirotiro i te rautau 20 i ahu mai i ngā karu tirotiro whatu ki ngā karu tirotiro reo irirangi. I te tau 1937, i hangaia e Grote Reber, he Amerikana e kore e aro ki te reo irirangi, te karu tirotiro reo irirangi tuatahi i tōna kāinga. I hopukina e tēnei karu tirotiro ngā ngaru reo irirangi mai i te wāhi, ā, i huaki ai he huarahi hou ki te mātakitaki i te ao whānui . I ngā tau 1960, ko te Arecibo Observatory i Puerto Rico—me tana pūihi parabolic 305 mita te whānui—koia te karu tirotiro reo irirangi nui rawa atu, ā, i whai wāhi ki ngā kitenga maha, tae atu ki ngā pulsars me te māramatanga pai ake ki te hanganga o te ao tūroa.
Karu Whānui o te Ao
Ko tētahi o ngā whanaketanga nui rawa atu o te hangarau karu tiro ko te whanaketanga o ngā karu tiro ātea. Ka whakakorea e ngā karu tiro ātea te pokanoa o te āhuarangi o te Ao, ka taea te huna i ngā tirohanga me te whakapohehe i te mārama. Ko te Karu Tiro Hubble (HST), i whakarewaina i te tau 1990, tētahi o ngā karu tiro ātea rongonui me te angitu. Me tana whakaata 2,4-mita te whānui me ngā taputapu matatau, kua whakaputa te HST i ngā whakaahua koi o ngā tupuni tawhiti, ngā nebulae, me ētahi atu āhuatanga o te ao.
Nā te angitu o Hubble i whakaoho te whanaketanga o ētahi atu karu tirohanga ātea, pērā i te Chandra X-ray Observatory i whakarewahia i te tau 1999 me te James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) i whakaritea kia whakarewahia i te mutunga o te tau 2021. He karu tirohanga ātea matatau a JWST me te whakaata tuatahi e 6,5 mita te whānui, e āhei ai ngā tirohanga pūwero teitei-taumira, e whakawhānui ake ai i tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā takenga mai o ngā tupuni, ngā whetū, me ngā aorangi.
Te Karu Whānui o te Ao o Muri Mai
Kei te haere tonu te hangarau karu tiro. Kei te mahi ngā kaipūtaiao me ngā miihini i ngā kaupapa nunui, tae atu ki te Karu Tirohanga Nui Rawa (ELT), kei te hangaia i tēnei wā e te European Southern Observatory. Ka whai whakaata matua te ELT, e 39,3 mita te whānui, ā, koia te karu tiro whatu nui rawa atu o te ao. Nā tōna taumira me tōna aro nui, e matapaetia ana ka whakautua e te ELT ngā pātai hohonu maha mō te ao whānui , tae atu ki te āhua o te pūngao pōuri me te rapunga mō te ora i tua atu o te Ao.
Hei tāpiritanga, kua whakatuwheratia e ngā karu tiro e hangai ana ki te ine ...
Whakamutunga
Mai i tētahi mea hanga ngāwari noa iho nā tētahi kaihanga mōhiti Tatimana ki tētahi karu tiro matatau e porowhita ana i te Ao, ko te hītori o te karu tiro he kōrero mō te whanaketanga hangarau whakamiharo. Ko ia whanaketanga o te hoahoa me ngā tikanga hanga karu tiro kua whakatuwhera i ngā tatau hou ki tō tātou māramatanga ki te ao whānui . Me ngā kaupapa nui e haere tonu ana, ko te heke mai o ngā karu tiro e oati ana i ngā kitenga whakamiharo maha atu ka tonu te whakaoho me te whakahōhonu i tō tātou whakaaro miharo ki te mana o te ao whānui.
