Me pēhea te mārama ki te ariā o te taumahatanga i roto i te whetūrangi
Ko te kaha ā-papa tētahi o ngā ariā tino taketake o te whetū arorangi—inā hoki, ka taea te kī ko te "reo" e whakamārama ana i te take e porowhita ai ngā aorangi i ngā whetū, te take e hanga ai ngā whetū i ngā tupua tupua, me te take e piko ai te mārama mai i ngā mea tawhiti. Ahakoa he uaua te ahua, ka taea te mārama haere ki te kaha ā-papa: tīmata mai i ngā wheako o ia rā, neke atu ki ngā ture a Newton, kātahi ka ahu whakamua ki te whanaungatanga whānui a Einstein, te tūāpapa o te ao whānui o ēnei rā. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te huarahi ki te mārama ki te kaha ā-papa i roto i te whetū arorangi i roto i te huarahi mārama me te whai tikanga.
1. Te kaha ā-papa: mai i ngā wheako o ia rā ki ngā tauine ao tūroa
E mōhio ana tātou ki te kaha ā-papatipu mai i tētahi ariā māmā noa iho: arā, ko ngā mea e taka ana ki te whenua. Engari i roto i te ao whetū, ehara te kaha ā-papatipu i te "kaha whakararo" noa iho, engari he kukume whānui i waenga i ngā mea katoa he papatipu tōna (ā, i roto i te whanaungatanga, he pūngao anō hoki). Nā te mea ka mahi te kaha ā-papatipu me te kore e pā tika, ā, kāore he "rohe whānui" mārama, koinei te kaiārahi matua o te nekehanga o ngā tinana o te rangi i runga i te tauine nui.
I runga i te Ao, te āhua nei ko te kaha o te kaha ā-papa te mea nui nā te nui o te papatipu o te Ao me tō tātou tata ki a ia. I te wāhi mokowhiti , kei te mahi tonu te kaha ā-papa, engari ka ngaro pea te "ahua o te taumaha" nā ngā āhuatanga hinganga kore utu (hei tauira, ngā kairangi rererangi i runga i te teihana mokowhiti). He mea nui tēnei kia mārama: ehara te kaha ā-papa iti i te tikanga o te korenga o te kaha ā-papa, engari ko ngā mea kei roto i te āhua hinganga tonu huri noa i te Ao.
2. Te Ture o te Āhuatanga-ā-Iwi a Newton: te turanga tuatahi mō te mārama ki ngā porowhita
Ko te huarahi tino matarohia ki te mārama ki te kaha ā-papa i roto i te whetū arorangi ko te Ture a Newton mō te Kaha ā-Papa Ao. E kī ana tēnei ture e kukume ana ngā mea e rua he papatipu tō rāua tetahi ki tetahi, ā, ko te rahi o te kaha ko:
– he ōrite tika ki te hua o ō rātou papatipu,
– he rite whakamuri ki te tapawhā o te tawhiti i waenganui i ō rātou pokapū papatipu.
I tōna āhua kounga, ko tōna tikanga:
– Ka nui ake te papatipu o tētahi mea, ka kaha ake tōna kaha ā-papatipu.
– Ka tawhiti haere te tawhiti, ka tere ake te ngoikore o te kaha ā-papa.
Mai i tēnei, ka taea e tātou te mārama he aha te Rā e kaha ake ai i roto i te pūnaha rā: he nui ake tōna papatipu i tō ngā aorangi. Ka taea hoki e tātou te mārama he aha i tere ake ai te neke o ngā aorangi e tata atu ana ki te Rā: nā te mea he nui ake te kukume ā-papatipu, me nui ake ngā tere porowhita e hiahiatia ana kia "pōkaikaha" tonu ai te Rā me te kore e taka ki roto.
3. Kāore te porowhita e "mānu ana", engari e taka tonu ana
Ko tētahi o ngā huarahi tino māmā ki te mārama ki ngā porowhita ko te whakaaro i tētahi mea e tukuna ana mai i tētahi teitei nui. Ka taka tika ki raro. Heoi, ki te hoatu he tere whakapae nui ki te mea, ka taka tonu, engari ka "piko atu" te mata o te Ao i a ia. Ko te mutunga: kāore te mea e pā ki te mata, ā, ka hangaia he porowhita.
I roto i ngā aorangi me ngā amiorangi, ko te porowhita he taurite hihiri i waenganui i:
– te āhua o te neke i te rārangi tika (te inertia),
– te tō ā-papatipu ki te pokapū o te papatipu.
Ki te iti rawa te tere, ka taka te mea ki te mea o waenganui. Ki te teitei rawa, ka taea e te mea te mawhiti me te hanga i tētahi ara tuwhera (parabola, hyperbola rānei), pērā i ētahi wheturangi, i ētahi waka rererangi rānei e mahi ana i ngā mahi mawhiti mai i te pūnaha rā.
4. Ko Kepler me te āhua o te porowhita: he porowhita porowhita, ehara i te porowhita tino tika
I mua i a Newton, i kitea e Johannes Kepler ngā ture o te nekehanga o ngā aorangi i runga i ngā raraunga tirotiro. I whakaaturia e Kepler he porowhita ngā porowhita o ngā aorangi , ko te Rā te arotahi kotahi. Nā tēnei i āwhina ki te whakamārama he aha i rerekē ai te tawhiti o ngā aorangi mai i te Rā puta noa i te tau.
E toru ngā whakaaro o Kepler e pā ana ki te māramatanga ki te kaha ā-papa:
1. He porowhita te porowhita.
2. Ka tere ake te neke o ngā aorangi ina tata ki te Rā, ā, ka pōturi ake ina tawhiti atu (te ture o ngā horahanga ōrite).
3. He whanaungatanga kei waenganui i te wā porowhita me te tawhiti toharite ki te Rā.
I muri mai ka whakamārama a Newton i ahu mai ngā ture a Kepler i te ā-papatipu. Nō reira, ko te mārama ki a Kepler he piriti nui mai i te mātakitaki ki te whakamārama ā-tinana.
5. Te kaha ā-papa hei "taputapu ine" mō te papatipu o ngā tinana o te rangi
I roto i te ao whetū, he maha ngā wā kāore e taea te "taumaha" i ngā aorangi, i ngā whetū rānei ki tētahi tauine. Engari he otinga mohio te kaha ā-papa: ka taea te tatau i te papatipu mai i te nekehanga porowhita o ētahi atu mea.
Hei tauira:
– Ka taea te tatau i te papatipu o tētahi aorangi mai i ngā porowhita o ōna amiorangi.
- Papatipu whetū ka taea te tatau mai i te porowhita o te whetu hoa (pūnaha whetu rua).
– Ka taea te whakatau tata i te papatipu o tētahi tupuni whetu mā te tere o ngā whetū e porowhita ana i waenganui o te tupuni whetu.
Koia te take e tino whakawhirinaki ai te arorangi ki ngā raraunga āmiomio, ngā nekehanga Doppler, me ngā wā hurihanga: kei roto katoa i ēnei ngā mōhiohio ā-papatipu e whakaatu ana i te papatipu.
6. Te kaha ā-papatipu i runga i te tauine nui: ngā tupua whetu, ngā tautau tupua whetu, me te mea pōuri
I te inenga a ngā tohunga whetū i te tere o ngā whetū i te taha o te tupuni, i kitea e rātou he tere rawa te neke, kāore e taea te tatau i te papatipu o te mea e kitea ana (ngā whetū me te hau). Mēnā he iti iho te papatipu, ka "maka" ngā whetū ki waho. Engari i noho pūmau te tupuni.
Koinei te wāhi i puta mai ai te ariā o te mea pōuri: he wāhanga e kore e kitea e kore e tuku mārama engari he kaha tōna kaha ā-papa. Mā te mea pōuri ka whakamārama:
– te pihi hurihuri o te tupuni,
– ngā whanaketanga o ngā tautau tupuni,
– te hanganga o ngā hanganga nunui ao whānui.
Ko te mārama ki te kaha ā-papatipu i roto i ngā whetū arorangi o ēnei rā ko te mārama hoki ko te kaha ā-papatipu e kitea ana e tātou e pā ana ki a rātou e ahu mai ana i ngā papatipu kāore e kitea tika ana.
7. Te Whānuitanga Whānui: te kaha ā-papa hei piko o te wāhi-wā
He tino tika ngā ture a Newton mō te nuinga o ngā take, engari kei reira ngā āhuatanga tino kino (ngā tere teitei, ngā papa kaha rawa o te kaha ā-papa) kāore e ranea ngā ture a Newton. Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi ai te Whānuitanga Whānui a Einstein.
E ai ki te whanaungatanga whānui:
– ehara te kaha ā-papa i te "kaha" i te tikanga tawhito,
– te kōpiko papatipu me te pūngao te wāhi-wā,
– ka neke ngā mea me te mārama i ngā "geodesics" (ngā ara tino taiao) i roto i te wāhi-wā piko.
Ngā hua nui i roto i te ao whetū:
– Te whakapiko o te māramatanga e te kaha ā-papatipu (arotahi ā-papatipu): ka taea te whakapiko i te māramatanga mai i ngā tupuni tawhiti e te papatipu i waenganui i a tātou me te pūtake māramatanga.
– Te perihelion o Mercury: ko te nekehanga i te pūwāhi tata rawa o te ara iahiko o Mercury e ōrite ana ki ngā matapae o te whanaungatanga whānui.
– Te pōka pango: he rohe o te wāhi-wā he piko rawa, ā, e kore rawa te mārama e mawhiti i muri i te whiti i te pae o te huihuinga.
Mena i āwhina a Newton ki te mārama ki "te take e porowhita ana ngā aorangi", ka āwhina te whanaungatanga whānui ki te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i ngā pōro pango, ngā ngaru ā-papa, me te hanganga o te ao tūroa.
8. Ngā ngaru ā-papa: ngā "wiri" o te wāhi-wā
Nā te kitenga o ngā ngaru ā-papa (i whakaūtia e LIGO i te tau 2015) i huaki he huarahi hou ki te ako i te ao whānui. Ka puta ngā ngaru ā-papa ina tere haere ngā mea tino nui, hei tauira:
– e rua ngā pū pango e porowhita ana tetahi ki tetahi, ā, ka mutu ka tukinga,
– ka honoa ngā whetū niutron e rua.
He mea nui tēnei nā te mea kāore te arorangi e whakawhirinaki anake ki te mārama (whatu, reo irirangi, hihi-X), engari e "rongo" ana hoki i te ao whānui mā roto i ngā ngaru o te wāhi-wā. He taputapu tirotiro te mārama ki te kaha ā-papatipu, ehara i te ariā noa iho.
9. Ngā huarahi whai hua hei ako i te kaha ā-papa i roto i te whetū arorangi
Kia tino "tōtō" ai te ariā o te kaha ā-papa, ko ētahi o ngā mahi ako whai hua ko:
1. Tīmata mai i te ariā o te porowhita
Māramahia te ara iahiko hei taka noa tonu. Whakamahia ngā tauira o ngā amiorangi me ngā teihana mokowhiti.
2. Whakamahia te whakatairite tauine
Whakatauritea te kaha ā-papatipu o Papatūānuku, o te Marama, me te Rā kia mārama ai koe ki ngā pānga o te papatipu me te tawhiti.
3. Akohia ngā take tūturu
Hei tauira: he aha i puta ai ngā tai o te moana (te awe o te Marama me te Rā), he aha rānei he porowhita porowhita ngā porowhita o ngā whetū whetu.
4. Kia mōhio ki ngā rohe o Newton me te wā e whakamahia ai a Einstein
I rawaka a Newton mō ngā tātaitanga maha o te pūnaha rā, engari i hiahiatia a Einstein mō ngā mara kaha (ngā pōro pango) me te tino tika.
5. Whai i ngā āhuatanga tirotiro
Ko ngā karu ā-papa, ngā pihi hurihuri o ngā tupuni tupua, me ngā ngaru ā-papa he "taunakitanga" e whakaatu ana kei te mahi te ā-papa i ngā tauine tino nui.
Whakamutunga
Ko te mārama ki te kaha ā-papa i roto i te whetūrangi ko te mārama ki te pūtake matua o te nekehanga me te hanganga o te ao tūroa. I whakaratohia e Newton tētahi taputapu kaha mō te whakamārama i ngā porowhita me te tatau i ngā taumaha o ngā tinana rangi. I whakaatu a Kepler i ngā tauira porowhita i runga i ngā tirohanga. I whakawhānui ake a Einstein i tō tātou māramatanga ko te kaha ā-papa te piko o te wāhi-wā ka taea te piko i te mārama me te whakaputa i ngā ngaru kaha ā-papa. Mai i ngā aorangi ki ngā tupua whetu, mai i ngā amiorangi ki ngā pōro pango, ko te kaha ā-papa te miro e whatu ana i te kōrero mō te ao tūroa.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te hanga i tētahi putanga rongonui ake o tēnei tuhinga mā ngā kaipānui kura tuarua, i tētahi putanga hangarau ake rānei me ngā tātai māmā me ngā tauira tātaitanga (hei tauira, te tātai i te papatipu o tētahi aorangi mai i te wā porowhita o tētahi amiorangi).
