I-physics

Isihloko mayelana nensimu kagesi

Ngokuphathelene nokushaja kagesi, kwafundwa ukuthi njengama-charge ayaxoshana, kuyilapho ama-charge angafani edonselana. Uma into eshajelwe kahle ilethwa eduze kwento eshajelwe kahle, lezi zinto ezimbili ziyasondelana ukuze zisondelane. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma into eshajelwe kahle ilethwa eduze kwento eshajelwe kahle, khona-ke lezi zinto ezimbili ziyaxoshana ukuze zisuke komunye nomunye. Njengoba kufundwe ngesihloko somthetho kaCoulomb, izinto ezishajelwe kagesi zingasheshisa ezinye izinto ezishajelwe kagesi ngoba kukhona amandla kagesi asebenza phakathi kwalezi zinto ezishajelwe kagesi. Amandla kagesi asetshenziswa yinto eshajelwe kagesi kwezinye izinto ezishajelwe kagesi yisibonelo esisodwa samandla angasebenza ngaphandle kokuthintana. Esinye isibonelo samandla angasebenza kude ngamandla adonsela phansi . Amandla adonsela phansi asetshenziswa yinto eningi kwezinye izinto eziningi.

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Isihloko mayelana nomthetho kaCoulomb

Esihlokweni mayelana nokushaja kagesi kanye nezinhlobo zamacala kagesi kuchazwe ukuthi amacala afanayo ayaxoshana kuyilapho ngokungafani namacala kuyadonselana. Ngamanye amazwi, izinto ezishajwe kahle zidonsela izinto ezishajwe kabi, izinto ezishajwe kahle zidonsela izinto ezishajwe kahle, kanye nezinto ezishajwe kabi zidonsela izinto ezishajwe kabi. Lesi senzakalo sibonisa ukuba khona kwamandla kagesi asebenza ezintweni ezishajwe kahle kanye nezinto ezishajwe kabi. Yiziphi izici ezithonya amandla kagesi phakathi kwezinto ezishajwe kahle?

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Isihloko mayelana nomthetho wokulondolozwa kwamacala kagesi

Zonke izinto ezikhona endaweni yonke zakhiwe ngama-athomu. Ama-athomu akhiwa ngama-proton, ama-neutron, nama-electron. I-proton ishajwa ngogesi ngendlela eqinisekile; ama-electron ashajwa ngogesi ngendlela engalungile, ama-neutron awashajwa ngogesi. Ngaphakathi kwe-athomu, kukhona ama-electron, ama-proton, nama-neutron athile. Uma inani lama-electron lilingana nenani lama-proton, inani eliphelele likagesi ku-athomu lingu-zero. Ama-athomu anjengalawa awakhethi ngogesi. Uma inani lama-electron lingaphezu kwenani lama-proton, khona-ke i-athomu ishajwa ngogesi ngendlela engalungile. Uma inani lama-electron lingaphansi kwenani lama-proton, khona-ke i-athomu ishajwa ngogesi ngendlela eqinisekile.

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Isihloko mayelana nezinhlobo zamacala kagesi

Kungani ipulasitiki ixosha ipulasitiki kodwa idonse ingilazi? Uma ugcoba ipulasitiki ezinweleni ezomile bese uletha ipulasitiki ezingcezwini ezincane zephepha, ipulasitiki idonsa izingcezwi zephepha. Kungani ipulasitiki ingadonsa nezingcezwi zephepha ezingagcotshwanga nezinye izinto? Uzoqonda futhi ungachaza nezizathu zezehlakalo ezitholwa yingilazi, ipulasitiki, izingcezu zephepha noma ezinye izinto njengoba kubuyekezwe ngenhla ngemuva kokufunda isihloko sezindleko zikagesi futhi uqonde ukubuyekezwa okungezansi.

Amapulasitiki agcotshwa ngengilazi edonsa izinwele egcotshwa ngendwangu. Amapulasitiki nengilazi ayakhanga, ngakho ipulasitiki nengilazi zinamashaja kagesi ahlukene . Uma into ixosha ipulasitiki kodwa idonsa ingilazi, inomashaja afana nokushaja engilazini. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma into ixosha ingilazi kodwa idonsa ipulasitiki, inomashaja afana nokushaja epulasitikini.

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Isihloko mayelana nokushaja kukagesi kuma-athomu

Sicela ubheke enye yezinto ezikuzungezile. Uma ubhubhisa into, isibonelo, iyitshe, itshe lizohlukaniswa libe yizicucu ezincane. Uma ingxenye yetshe iphinda ibhujiswe, izicucu zamatshe zizophenduka zibe yizicucu ezincane. Kuthiwani uma itshe liphinda libhujiswe? Yiqiniso, itshe lincane. Ingabe amatshe angabhujiswa abe yizicucu ezincane kuya kwezingenamkhawulo? Iqiniso libonisa ukuthi into ehlukaniswe yaba yizicucu ezincane izofika endaweni lapho ingxenye encane kakhulu yento ingeke ihlukaniswe ibe yizicucu ezincane. Ingxenye encane kakhulu yento engenakuhlukaniswa ibizwa ngokuthi i-athomu. Ngakho-ke, ama-athomu ayingxenye encane kunazo zonke izinto endaweni yonke.

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Isihloko mayelana nekhamera yezinsimbi zokubona

Izingxenye zekhamera

Ikhamera elula iqukethe ilensi eqondile, i-diaphragm, i-shutter, nefilimu.

Amalensi aqondile asebenza ukwakha isithombe sangempela nesiguquliwe efilimini. Ngokungafani nelensi yeso enobude obuqondile obungashintsha, ilensi yekhamera inobude obuqondile obungashintsha. Ilensi yekhamera ilensi eqondile, hhayi ilensi eqondile ngoba isithombe esivezwa yilensi eqondile sihlala singokoqobo. Esikhundleni salokho, isithombe esivezwa yilensi eqondile singokoqobo lapho ibanga lento likhulu kunobude obuqondile. Isithombe sangempela isithombe esikhona ngoba lesi sithombe singaqoshwa efilimini. Ngokuphambene nalokho, isithombe esibonakalayo isithombe esingamanga ukuze isithombe singaqoshwa efilimini. Indawo yesithombe sangempela nesiguquliwe esivezwa yilensi eqondile ihambisana nendawo yefilimu.

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Isihloko mayelana ne-Equation yama-telescopes asezinkanyezi

I-Angle inquma usayizi wesithombe sento eyakhiwe ku-retina. Njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni, ibanga lento elikude neso, i-engeli iba ncane futhi ngenxa yalokho usayizi wesithombe owenziwe ku-retina uba mncane.

I-telescope elula yezinkanyezi inamalensi amabili aqondile; ngalinye libizwa ngokuthi ilensi eqondile kanye nelensi yeso. Ilensi eqondile inebanga elikhulu ukusuka esweni, kuyilapho ilensi yeso inebanga eliseduze neso. Ilensi eqondile isebenza ukuletha isithombe eduze nelensi yeso, ukuze i-engeli ibe nkulu. Ilensi yeso isebenza ukukhulisa i-engeli ukuze usayizi wesithombe esakhiwe ku-retina ube mkhulu.

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Incazelo yesibonakude sezinkanyezi

Amatheleskopu ezinkanyezi noma ama-binocular ezinkanyezi yizinto ezibonakalayo ezisetshenziswa ukusiza iso ukubona izinto zasezulwini njengezinkanyezi, amaplanethi, amasathelayithi, njll. Nakuba ubukhulu bezinto zasezulwini bukhulu, ibanga lezinto zasezulwini lide kakhulu kangangokuthi uma zibhekwa ngamehlo, izidalwa zasezulwini zibonakala zincane. Amatheleskopu ezinkanyezi asebenza ukukhulisa isithombe sezinto zasezulwini ukuze zibonwe ngamehlo.

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Isihloko mayelana ne-Equation yama -microscope

I-Angle inquma ubukhulu besithombe sento eyakhiwe ku-retina yeso. Njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni ohlangothini, uma ubukhulu bento buncane, i-engeli iyancipha futhi ngaleyo ndlela ubukhulu besithombe esenziwe ku-retina buphansi. Ubukhulu obuncane besithombe ku-retina yisona sizathu esenza kube nzima ngeso ukubona izinto ezincane ngokucacile, yize izinto zibukwa ziseduzane, ibanga elingama-25 cm.

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Incazelo yesibonakhulu

I-microscope iyithuluzi elibonakalayo elisetshenziselwa ukusiza iso ukubona izinto ezincane, lapho izinto ezincane kunzima ukuzibona ngqo usebenzisa amehlo noma i-loupe.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-microscope, okuyi-microscope ekhanyayo kanye ne-electron microscope. Lesi sifundo sixoxa nge-microscope ekhanyayo, futhi indlela esisebenza ngayo ngesihloko se-geometry optics ihlanganisa ukugqama kokukhanya, ukwakheka kwezithombe kanye nokukhulisa izithombe zento esebenzisa ilensi.

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