Isihloko mayelana nokushaja kukagesi kuma-athomu
Sicela ubheke enye yezinto ezikuzungezile. Uma ubhubhisa into, isibonelo, iyitshe, itshe lizohlukaniswa libe yizicucu ezincane. Uma ingxenye yetshe iphinda ibhujiswe, izicucu zamatshe zizophenduka zibe yizicucu ezincane. Kuthiwani uma itshe liphinda libhujiswe? Yiqiniso, itshe lincane. Ingabe amatshe angabhujiswa abe yizicucu ezincane kuya kwezingenamkhawulo? Iqiniso libonisa ukuthi into ehlukaniswe yaba yizicucu ezincane izofika endaweni lapho ingxenye encane kakhulu yento ingeke ihlukaniswe ibe yizicucu ezincane. Ingxenye encane kakhulu yento engenakuhlukaniswa ibizwa ngokuthi i-athomu. Ngakho-ke, ama-athomu ayingxenye encane kunazo zonke izinto endaweni yonke.
Ama-athomu akhiwa ama-electron, ama-proton, nama-neutron. Ama-proton nama-neutron akha ama-nuclei e-athomu angaba amamitha ayi-10-15 ubude. Ama-electron angaphandle kwe-nucleus futhi ahambahamba eduze kwe-nucleus ye-athomu njengamaplanethi ahambahamba elangeni. Uma kucatshangwa ukuthi ububanzi be-athomu bungamakhilomitha ambalwa, khona-ke i-nucleus ye-athomu ilingana nebhola le-billiard,
futhi ama-electron aphakathi kwe-nucleus futhi afinyelela ibanga elingama-10-10 amamitha ukusuka enkabeni. Phakathi kwenkaba kanye ne-electron, kukhona isikhala.
Ama-electron ashajwe kabi atholakala emaphethelweni ama-athomu kanti ama-proton ashajwe kahle atholakala kuyi-nucleus ye-athomu. Ukuze ama-electron aqhubeke ejikeleza i-nucleus futhi angaphunyuki kwi-athomu, i-nucleus ye-athomu eshajwe kahle kumele isebenzise amandla akhangayo kwi-electron. Amandla adonsela ama-electron ukuthi ahlale eduze kwe-nucleus futhi angenakuhlukaniswa ne-athomu abizwa ngokuthi amandla kagesi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus ye-athomu, kukhona ama-proton ashajelwe kahle ukuze ama-proton kumele axoshane ngenxa yokushaja okufanayo. Ukuze ama-proton ahlale ndawonye ku-nucleus futhi angahlukani ne-athomu, kumele kube namandla ahlanganisa ama-proton. Amandla ahlanganisa ama-proton ukuze ahlale ndawonye ku-nucleus ye-athomu abizwa ngokuthi amandla enuzi.
Isisindo seprotoni sicishe sifane nesisindo se-neutron. Cishe u-99.9% wesisindo se-athomu ugxile ku-nucleus ye-athomu, kuyilapho ama-electron enesisindo esincane. Isisindo sama-electron (me) = 9.1093897 x 10-31 kg, isisindo sama-neutron (mn) = 1.6749286 x 10-27 kg, isisindo seprotoni (mp) = 1.6726231 x 10-27 kg.
Inani likagesi
Ama-electron angemabi, ama-proton angemabi, kanti ama-neutron awakhethi. Ama-proton noma ama-neutron akhiwa ama-quark, ane-± 1/3 kanye ne-± 2/3 yokushaja kwama-electron. Ama-quark ayizinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu ezakha ama-athomu, kodwa kuze kube manje, ama-quark awatholakalanga ukuthi azimele wodwa njengezinhlayiya ezilodwa.
Inani leshaja ye-electron noma ishaja ye-proton yiyunithi eyisisekelo yeshaja. ishaja kagesi kwento kuyi-multiple ye-electron charge noma i-proton charge. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-quantized charge. Isibonelo, uma ingxenye encane kakhulu yemali esiyisebenzisayo ingu-1, khona-ke inani lemali umuntu alishilo ngeziphindaphindo zemali encane kakhulu lingu-1. Isibonelo, inani lemali yami lingu-2 no-3.
Inani leshaja le-electron lingu-e kanti ubukhulu beshaja le-proton lingu-+e. Inani leshaja lento liyi-multiple ka-e noma u-1.60 x 10-19 I-Coulomb futhi ingavezwa ngo-Q = ± Ne. Q = inani lamacala, ± limelela uhlobo lwenkokhelo, N = inombolo ephelele, e = 1.60 x 10-19 I-Coulomb.
Ukushaja kukagesi ezintweni
Uma i-athomu inama-electron amaningi njenge-proton, khona-ke inani eliphelele likagesi ku-athomu lingu-zero, futhi le athomu ayithathi hlangothi noma ayithathi hlangothi ngogesi. Inani lama-proton noma ama-electron ku-athomu engathathi hlangothi libizwa ngokuthi inombolo ye-athomu (Z). Uma ama-electron engaphezu kwe-proton, khona-ke i-athomu ithathi hlangothi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma ama-electron engaphansi kwama-proton, athathi hlangothi. Ama-athomu athathi hlangothi abizwa ngokuthi ama-ion angalungile, kuyilapho ama-athomu athathi hlangothi abizwa ngokuthi ama-ion angalungile. Inqubo yokwamukela noma yokukhulula ama-electron ku-athomu ibizwa ngokuthi i-ionization. Uma sithi, i-athomu ithathi hlangothi, okushiwoyo yi-net charge. Isibonelo, i-athomu inama-electron ayi-10 nama-proton ayi-7. Le athomu ithathi hlangothi ngoba inama-electron angaphezu kwama-3. Ngakho-ke, i-net charge yale athomu ingu-3, futhi lolu hlobo lwe-athomu lungelutho. Izibalo 3, 7, 10 ziyizibonelo nje zokwenza kube lula ukuqonda. Eqinisweni, inani le-electric charge yento liyi-multiple ye-electron charge noma i-proton charge.
Uma into inama-electron amaningi njengama-proton, khona-ke into ayithathi hlangothi noma ayishajwa ngogesi. Uma into inama-electron amaningi kune-proton, into ishajwa kabi, kanti uma into inama-electron ambalwa kune-proton, into ishajwa kahle. Izinto ezazingathathi hlangothi ekuqaleni zingenziwa zishajwe kabi ngokufaka ama-electron entweni. Ngaphandle kwalokho, izinto zingenziwa zishajwe kahle ngokunciphisa ama-electron entweni.
