Isihloko mayelana nensimu kagesi
Ngokuphathelene nokushaja kagesi, kwafundwa ukuthi njengama-charge ayaxoshana, kuyilapho ama-charge angafani edonselana. Uma into eshajelwe kahle ilethwa eduze kwento eshajelwe kahle, lezi zinto ezimbili ziyasondelana ukuze zisondelane. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma into eshajelwe kahle ilethwa eduze kwento eshajelwe kahle, khona-ke lezi zinto ezimbili ziyaxoshana ukuze zisuke komunye nomunye. Njengoba kufundwe ngesihloko somthetho kaCoulomb, izinto ezishajelwe kagesi zingasheshisa ezinye izinto ezishajelwe kagesi ngoba kukhona amandla kagesi asebenza phakathi kwalezi zinto ezishajelwe kagesi. Amandla kagesi asetshenziswa yinto eshajelwe kagesi kwezinye izinto ezishajelwe kagesi yisibonelo esisodwa samandla angasebenza ngaphandle kokuthintana. Esinye isibonelo samandla angasebenza kude ngamandla adonsela phansi . Amandla adonsela phansi asetshenziswa yinto eningi kwezinye izinto eziningi.
Amandla okungqubuzana , amandla okusunduza, amandla avamile yizibonelo zamandla okulula ukuwaqonda ngoba la mandla asebenza lapho kwenzeka ukuthintana. Ngokuphambene nalokho, amandla kagesi ayisibonelo samandla okunzima ukuwaqonda ngoba la mandla angasebenza ebangeni elithile ngaphandle kokuthintana. Ukuze uqonde amandla kagesi angasebenza ebangeni elithile, kuvela umqondo wensimu kagesi. Umqondo wensimu kagesi wathuthukiswa usosayensi waseBrithani uMichael Faraday (1791-1867).
Incazelo yensimu kagesi (E)
Ake sithi ingilazi ekuqaleni yayingashintshi ngogesi. Ngemva kokuhlikihlwa ngendwangu, induku yengilazi ishajwa ngogesi. Lapho induku yengilazi ishajwa ngogesi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuvela insimu kagesi ezungeze ingilazi. Uma ingilazi ishintsha ishintsha, ngesikhathi esifanayo insimu kagesi iyanyamalala. Ngakho-ke, ukuba khona kwe-E akukwazi ukuhlukaniswa nokuba khona kweshaja kagesi. I-E akuyona uhlobo lwento efana nomoya futhi akuyona uhlobo lwamagagasi, njengamagagasi kagesi. I-E yinto ebangelwa ishaja kagesi futhi ithinta isikhala esizungeze ishaja kagesi, lapho amanye amashaja kagesi ezwa khona ithonya le-E kuphela.
Ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi kukhona yini u-E ekamelweni, kucatshangwa ukuthi kukhona inkokhelo yokuhlola kuleso sikhala. Inkokhelo yokuhlola iyinkokhelo encane (Q) ukuze inkokhelo ikhiqize insimu kagesi encane, ukuze inganakwa. Kodwa-ke, inkokhelo yokuhlola ingazwa ithonya lensimu kagesi ekhiqizwa amanye amashaji kagesi. Inkokhelo yokuhlola inikezwa kuphela ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi kukhona yini u-E. Uma kukhona u-E esikhaleni,
ishaja yokuhlola kumele ibhekane namandla kagesi, kanti uma kungekho E, ishaja yokuhlola ayihlangabezani namandla kagesi.
Bheka isithombe esiseceleni.
Kumfanekiso 1, ishaja +q 1 kanye neshaja +q 2 kuveza u-E endaweni ezungezile. Uma ishaja yokuhlola +q o ibekwa endaweni ethile esikhaleni, ishaja yokuhlola +q o izwa amandla kagesi. U-F 1 ungamandla kagesi asetshenziswa yishaja +q 1 kushaja yokuhlola +q o , kanti u-F 2 ungamandla kagesi asetshenziswa yishaja +q 2 kushaja yokuhlola +q o . Kumfanekiso 2, lapho ishaja yokuhlola isusiwe, u-E uhlala futhi akanyamalali kulelo phuzu. U-E 1 uyinsimu kagesi ekhiqizwa yishaja kagesi +q 1 , kanti u-E 2 ungu-E okhiqizwa yishaja kagesi +q 2.
Ubukhulu bensimu kagesi
I-E iyinani le-vector, lapho insimu kagesi inobukhulu nesiqondiso. Ubukhulu be-E buvame ukubizwa ngokuthi amandla e-E. Amandla e-E endaweni ethile achazwa njengamandla kagesi asetshenziswa yishaja kagesi eshaja yokuhlola enhle ebekwe kuleyo ndawo, ihlukaniswe ngobukhulu beshaja yokuhlola.
E = amandla ensimu kagesi
F = amandla kagesi
q = inkokhelo yokuhlola
Iyunithi yamandla kagesi yiNewton, kanti iyunithi yeshaja kagesi yiCoulomb ukuze iyunithi ye-E ibe yiNewton / Coulomb, efushaniswe ngokuthi i-N/C.
Isiqondiso sensimu kagesi
KuMfanekiso 1a, ishaja kagesi elungile (+Q) isebenzisa amandla kagesi eshaja yokuhlola elungile (+q), lapho isiqondiso samandla kagesi (F) sikude neshaja ye-+Q.
KuMfanekiso 1b, lapho ishaja yokuhlola isuswa, kuleli qophelo kukhona insimu kagesi (E) okuqondiswe kuyo kude neshaja kagesi Q.
KuMfanekiso 2a, ishaja kagesi engemihle (-Q) isebenzisa amandla kagesi eshaja yokuhlola engemihle (+q), lapho isiqondiso samandla kagesi (F) sisondela khona eshaja -Q.
KuMfanekiso 2b, lapho ishaja yokuhlola isuswa, kuleli qophelo kukhona insimu kagesi (E) esiqondiso sayo siseduze neshaja kagesi -Q.
Ngokusekelwe esithombeni kanye nencazelo engenhla, kungaphethwa ngokuthi indlela eya ensimini kagesi ikude neshaja kagesi elungile futhi isondela eshaja kagesi engalungile.
Izintambo zikagesi
I-E ikhiqizwa yishaja kagesi futhi ithinta isikhala esizungeze ishaja kagesi, lapho ithonya le-E lizwakala kuphela ngamanye amashaja kagesi. Uma enye ishaja kagesi iku-E ekhiqizwa yishaja kagesi, enye ishaja kagesi izwa ithonya lamandla kagesi.
Ukuqonda insimu kagesi engenhla, njengoba kuchaziwe esihlokweni mayelana ne-E, kungabonakala ngengqondo kodwa kungacatshangwa engqondweni kuphela. Ukuze ubone ngeso lengqondo i-E, imigqa yensimu kagesi ivezwa. Imigqa yensimu kagesi iyiqoqo lemigqa edwetshwe nxazonke kweshaja kagesi ukukhombisa ukuthi kukhona insimu kagesi. Ngenxa yokuthi ihlose ukukhombisa ukuba khona kwe-E, kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kwale migqa ne-E. Ngamanye amazwi, ubukhulu kanye nesiqondiso se-E kungachazwa ngokudweba imigqa yensimu kagesi.
Okulandelayo ubudlelwano phakathi kwesiqondiso namandla ensimu kagesi nemigqa yensimu kagesi:
Okokuqala, isiqondiso se-E siyasuka ekushajeni okuhle bese sisondela ekushajeni okubi. Ngakho-ke, isiqondiso semigqa yensimu kagesi naso sisuka ekushajeni okuhle bese sisondela ekushajeni okubi.
Uma ishaja elungile iseduze neshaja engalungile, imigqa yensimu kagesi ikhishwa kusukela kushaja elungile iye kushaja engalungile. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma ishaja elungile iseduze neshaja elungile, imigqa yensimu kagesi ikhishwa kusukela kushaja ngayinye elungile futhi iqhelelane.
Okwesibili, amandla ensimu kagesi amelwa yibanga eliphakathi kwemigqa yensimu kagesi. Uma ibanga eliphakathi kwemigqa yensimu kagesi lisondela, amandla ensimu kagesi aphezulu futhi ibanga eliphakathi kwemigqa yensimu kagesi lide, amandla ensimu kagesi ayancipha.
Kungani, uma ibanga eliphakathi kwemigqa liseduze, kulapho amandla ensimu kagesi ephakama khona? Ukuze uqonde lokhu, bheka incazelo elandelayo. Ake sithi ishaja enhle iphakathi nendawo yesikhala futhi imigqa yensimu kagesi isakazeka ngezindlela ezahlukene ebusweni besikhala. Uma inani lemigqa yensimu kagesi lingu-N kanti indawo engaphezulu yesikhala ingu-4πr 2 , khona-ke inani lemigqa endaweni ngayinye yeyunithi noma ubuningi bomugqa lingu-N / 4πr 2. Ngokusekelwe kule fomula, ku-N efanayo, uma u-r eba mncane, ibanga eliphakathi kwemigqa liyasondela futhi uma u-r eba mkhulu ibanga eliphakathi kwemigqa liya kude.
Ifomula yamandla ensimu kagesi u-E = kq / r 2 ikhombisa nokuthi amandla ensimu kagesi alingana ngokuphambene nesikwele sebanga. Uma u-r emncane, khona-ke amandla ensimu kagesi ayabonakala kakhulu, futhi uma u-r ebonakala kakhulu, khona-ke amandla ensimu kagesi ayancipha.
Ngokusekelwe ekubuyekezweni okungenhla, kungaphethwa ngokuthi uma u-r eba ncane (esondela ekushajeni), amandla ensimu kagesi ayakhula futhi ibanga eliphakathi kwemigqa nalo liyasondela. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma u-r eba sobala kakhulu (lapho ekude kakhulu nokushaja), amandla ensimu kagesi ayancipha futhi ibanga eliphakathi kwemigqa nalo liyaqhela.
Okwesithathu, inani lemigqa ye-E lilingana namandla ensimu kagesi. Uma imigqa yensimu kagesi iyanda, kulapho amandla ensimu kagesi ephakama khona. Uma imigqa yensimu kagesi imbalwa, kulapho amandla ensimu kagesi eba mancane khona.
