Isihloko mayelana nekhamera yezinsimbi zokubona
Izingxenye zekhamera
Ikhamera elula iqukethe ilensi eqondile, i-diaphragm, i-shutter, nefilimu.
Amalensi aqondile asebenza ukwakha isithombe sangempela nesiguquliwe efilimini. Ngokungafani nelensi yeso enobude obuqondile obungashintsha, ilensi yekhamera inobude obuqondile obungashintsha. Ilensi yekhamera ilensi eqondile, hhayi ilensi eqondile ngoba isithombe esivezwa yilensi eqondile sihlala singokoqobo. Esikhundleni salokho, isithombe esivezwa yilensi eqondile singokoqobo lapho ibanga lento likhulu kunobude obuqondile. Isithombe sangempela isithombe esikhona ngoba lesi sithombe singaqoshwa efilimini. Ngokuphambene nalokho, isithombe esibonakalayo isithombe esingamanga ukuze isithombe singaqoshwa efilimini. Indawo yesithombe sangempela nesiguquliwe esivezwa yilensi eqondile ihambisana nendawo yefilimu.
I-Diaphragm noma i-f-stop. I-diaphragm isebenza ukulawula inani lokukhanya elithinta ifilimu. Usayizi wobubanzi bokuvula uncike ngobukhulu belensi futhi uvezwa yinombolo ye-f noma i-f-stop. I-F-Stop ichazwa njengesilinganiso sobude be-focal lensi (f) nobubanzi bokuvula (D): f-stop = f / D. Uma ilensi inobude be-focal obuyi-100 mm kanti ububanzi bokuvula buyi-20 mm, khona-ke ilensi inobude be-f obuyi-100 mm / 20 mm = 5. Kulesi simo, ilensi ibekwe ku-f / 5. Uma ilensi inobude be-focal obuyi-100 mm kanti ububanzi bokuvula buyi-25 mm, ilensi inobude be-f obuyi-100 mm / 25 mm = 4. Kulesi simo, ilensi ibekwe ku-f / 4. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu kubalwa, kuphethwa ngokuthi uma ububanzi bokuvula buphakeme, inani le-f-stop lincane futhi ukukhanya okuzungeze ifilimu kuyanda. Inombolo encane kakhulu ye-f-stop (ububanzi bokuvula obubaluleke kakhulu) ijubane laleli lensi.
Isivinini se-shutter. Ubude besikhathi se-shutter esivulekile buthinta inani lokukhanya okushaya ifilimu ngoba lapho i-shutter ivuleka, ifilimu nayo iyavuleka bese ifakwa ekukhanyeni. Ijubane le-shutter libizwa nangokuthi "isikhathi sokukhanyisa". Ijubane le-shutter lihlobene nesikhathi se-shutter esivulekile. Ngakho-ke, ijubane le-shutter livezwa ngemizuzwana. Ijubane le-shutter liphakathi kwemizuzwana embalwa kuya kwesekhondi. Uma isikhathi se-shutter sincane ukuze i-shutter ivuleke, ijubane le-shutter lishesha kakhulu, ukukhanya okuncane kuzoshaya ifilimu. Ijubane le-shutter elisheshayo liyadingeka lapho inani lokukhanya lincane. Ijubane le-shutter elisheshayo liyadingeka futhi ukuze kuqedwe ukufiphala kwesithombe ngenxa yokunyakaza kwekhamera.
Ifilimu. Ifilimu isebenza ukuqopha isithombe sangempela esakhiwe ilensi yekhamera. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ifilimu yayisasetshenziswa ekhamera, kodwa manje ifilimu ayisasetshenziswa ekhamera. Njengamanje, isithombe esakhiwe ilensi yekhamera siqoshwa ngogesi. Amakhamera aqopha izithombe ngogesi abizwa ngamakhamera edijithali. Amakhamera aqopha izithombe esebenzisa ifilimu abizwa ngamakhamera e-analog.
Ukugxila nokwakheka kwesithombe
Ikhwalithi yokudubula, ngaphezu kokuncika kusayizi wokuvulwa kwe-diaphragm kanye nesivinini se-shutter, nayo iyathinteka ngokugxila. Ngaphambi kokubukeza ukugxila kwelensi yekhamera, qala uqonde incazelo elandelayo. Ngokuphathelene namalensi aqondile, kuchazwa ukuthi uma ibanga lento ( s = do) likude kakhulu futhi libhekwa njengelingenamkhawulo, isithombe sangempela esikhiqizwa yilensi eqondile sihambisana nendawo eqondile yelensi eqondile. Ngakho-ke, lapho ibanga lento lingenamkhawulo, ibanga lesithombe ( s' = di) lilingana nobude obuqondile (f). Ngokuphathelene nokwakheka kwesithombe selensi eqondile, kufundwa ukuthi uma ibanga lento liba lincane, ibanga lesithombe liba livelele kakhulu futhi usayizi wesithombe nawo uya uba mkhulu.
Ukugxila ilensi yekhamera kuhlukile ekugxiliseni ilensi yeso. Ukugxila ilensi yeso kwenziwa ngokushintsha ukugoba kwelensi yeso (ukushintsha ubude be-focal lens yeso) kuze kube yilapho isithombe siwela ngqo kwi-retina ukuze kukhiqizwe isithombe esinembile kakhulu. Uma ikhamera isebenzisa ilensi eyodwa (hhayi ilensi yokusondeza enamalensi amaningi), ubude be-focal lens abukwazi ukushintshwa. Ukugxila ilensi yekhamera kwenziwa ngokushintsha ibanga lesithombe (ngaphakathi) kuze kube yilapho kukhiqizwe isithombe esinembile kakhulu.
Uma ibanga lento ( s = do) likude kakhulu noma lingenamkhawulo, ibanga lesithombe (di) lifana nobude be-focal (f). Qhathanisa nesithombe 1.
Uma ibanga lento lincane kunelingenamkhawulo, ibanga lesithombe (s' = di) mkhulu kunobude obuqondile (f). Uma 
ibanga lento (s = do), ibanga lesithombe liphakeme (di) kanye nosayizi wesithombe uphakeme. Ngokusekelwe kule ncazelo, kuphethwa ngokuthi uma ibanga eliphakathi kwento nelensi liseduze, ibanga eliphakathi kwelensi nefilimu kumele landiswe. Uma ibanga eliphakathi kwezinto ezinelensi likude, ibanga eliphakathi kwelensi nefilimu liyancishiswa. Qhathanisa uMfanekiso 2.
Ukugxila kulensi yekhamera kudinga futhi ukunaka ubude be-focal lens yekhamera esetshenzisiwe. Uma ubude be-focal lens yekhamera bukhulu, ibanga lesithombe liphakeme ( s' = di). Amalensi anobude be-focal obuphezulu nawo akhiqiza isithombe esikhulu. Uma sifuna ukuthola isithombe esinembile ngenkathi ibanga lento likude, sebenzisa ilensi enobude be-focal obukhulu. Amalensi anobude be-focal obukhulu ngokuvamile ayisicaba noma agobile kancane.
