Incazelo Mayelana Nama-electron Nama-proton
Ukuqonda izakhi eziyisisekelo zezinto kuyitshe lesisekelo lesayensi yanamuhla. Enhliziyweni yenkolelo-mbono ye-athomu kukhona ama-electron nama-proton, izingxenye ezakha ukuziphatha kanye nezakhiwo zama-athomu. Lesi sihloko sihlola uhlobo, izakhiwo, kanye nokubaluleka kwama-electron nama-proton, sembula umdanso oyinkimbinkimbi odlala endaweni yezinhlayiya ezingaphansi kwe-athomu.
Ukutholakala Kwama-Electron Nama-Proton
Ama-electron
Ama-electron aqala ukutholakala yisazi sefiziksi saseBrithani uJJ Thomson ngo-1897. Ukuhlolwa kukaThomson ngemisebe ye-cathode kwembula ukuba khona kwezinhlayiya ezine-negative charge ezincane kakhulu kune-athomu. Ukutholakala kwakhe kwamemezela ushintsho olubonakalayo ekuqondeni isakhiwo se-athomu, okwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwemodeli yama-electron lapho ama-electron ejikeleza khona i-nucleus, afana namaplanethi azungeze inkanyezi.
Ama-Proton
Okwamanje, ama-proton atholakala kamuva ngu-Ernest Rutherford ngo-1917 ngomsebenzi wakhe ngezinhlayiya ze-alpha. Ebona ukuziphatha kwalezi zinhlayiya lapho zishaya ilitshe elithile, uRutherford waphetha ngokuthi ama-athomu kumele abe nomongo oqinile, oshajeke kahle. Le nucleus yatholakala ukuthi yakhiwe ama-proton, ngalinye liphethe ishaja enhle ephikisana neshaja engemihle yama-electron.
Izakhiwo Eziyisisekelo Zama-Electron
Ama-electron ayizinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu ezinesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-9.109 x 10^-31, okungaba ngu-1/1836 isisindo se-proton. Aneshaja engalungile engu-1.602 x 10^-19 coulombs. Ama-electron atholakala ezindaweni ezizungeze i-nucleus ezaziwa ngokuthi amafu ama-electron noma ama-orbitals, lapho ekhona khona emazingeni amandla ngokwezimiso ze-quantum mechanics.
Ukucushwa kwe-Electron kanye ne-Quantum Mechanics
I-Quantum mechanics yashintsha ukuqonda kokuziphatha kwama-electron, yafaka umqondo wobuningi bamathuba esikhundleni se-orbits ezihleliwe. Ama-electron athatha amazinga wamandla ahlukene noma amagobolondo, abizwa ngokuthi i-K, L, M, njalo njalo, ngebanga elikhulayo ukusuka ku-nucleus. Ukuhlelwa kwama-electron kula magobolondo namagobolondo angaphansi (s, p, d, f) kunquma izakhiwo zamakhemikhali ze-athomu.
Ama-electron abonisa kokubili izakhiwo ezifana nezinhlayiya kanye namagagasi, njengoba kuchazwe yi-hypothesis ka-de Broglie futhi kufakazelwa yizimo ezifana nokusabalala kwama-electron. Lokhu kubumbana okubili kuyisisekelo sokuziphatha kwama-electron kuma-athomu nama-molecule, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwezibopho zamakhemikhali, ukumuncwa nokukhishwa kokukhanya, kanye nokunye ukusebenzisana kwesilinganiso sama-athomu.
Izakhiwo Eziyisisekelo Zama-Proton
Ama-proton ayizinhlayiya ezincane ezitholakala kuyi-nucleus ye-athomu, enesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-1.673 x 10^-27, cishe ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-1836 kune-electron. I-proton ngayinye ineshaja enhle engama-coulombs angu-1.602 x 10^-19, ilinganisa kahle ishaja ye-electron kodwa nge-polarity ephambene.
Inani lama-proton ku-nucleus, eyaziwa ngokuthi inombolo ye-athomu (Z), lichaza i-element. Isibonelo, i-hydrogen ine-proton eyodwa, okwenza inombolo yayo ye-athomu ibe ngu-1, kuyilapho ikhabhoni inama-proton ayisithupha, ahambisana nenombolo ye-athomu engu-6. Le nombolo ye-athomu inquma ukuthi i-element ingubani kanye nendawo yayo etafuleni le-periodic.
Amandla Enuzi Aqinile
Ama-proton ahlanganiswa ndawonye ku-nucleus ngamandla enuzi anamandla, elinye lamandla amane ayisisekelo ngokwemvelo. Naphezu kokushaja kwawo okuhle, okubangela ukuxoshwa kwe-electrostatic phakathi kwawo, amandla enuzi anamandla anele ukubamba ama-proton ndawonye nama-neutron, akha ama-nuclei azinzile. La mandla asebenza ngebanga elifushane kakhulu, elifana nobukhulu be-nuclei ye-athomu.
Ukuxhumana kwama-electron nama-proton
Ukuzinza kwe-Atomic
Ukuqina kwe-athomu kuyibhalansi ebucayi phakathi kwamandla akhangayo asetshenziswa ama-proton kanye nokusebenzisana kwama-electron okucasulayo komunye nomunye. I-nucleus, equkethe ama-proton (futhi ngokuvamile ama-neutron), idonsela ama-electron azungezile, iwabambe ezindleleni zawo. Lokhu kukhanga kwama-electron kubalulekile ekuqineni kwe-athomu iyonke.
Uma i-athomu inenani elilinganayo lama-proton nama-electron, ayithathi hlangothi ngogesi. Kodwa-ke, uma ama-electron etholakala noma elahleka, i-athomu iba yi-ion. Ama-ion ashajwe kahle (ama-cation) akheka lapho i-athomu ilahlekelwa ama-electron, kuyilapho ama-ion (ama-anion) ashajwe kabi (ama-anion) eyenzeka lapho i-athomu ithola ama-electron. Lawa ma-ion adlala indima ebalulekile ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali kanye nokwakheka kwama-compounds.
Ukubophela Amakhemikhali
Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwama-electron nama-proton kubalulekile ekuhlanganisweni kwamakhemikhali. Kuma-covalent bond, ama-athomu abelana ngamabili ama-electron ukuze kufezwe ukwakheka okuzinzile kwama-electron, okuvame ukufana namagesi amahle. Isibonelo, ku-molecule yamanzi (i-H2O), umoya-mpilo wabelana ngama-electron nama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen.
Kuma-ionic bonds, ama-athomu adlulisela ama-electron komunye nomunye, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwama-ion anamacala aphikisanayo, adonselana ngogesi. Isibonelo salokhu yi-sodium chloride (NaCl), lapho i-sodium ilahlekelwa khona i-electron ibe yi-Na+ ion, kanti i-chlorine ithola i-electron ibe yi-Cl-ion, okuholela ekudalweni kwe-lattice ye-ionic ezinzile.
Ukubaluleka Kwama-Electron Nama-Proton
KuKhemistri
Ama-electron nama-proton ayisisekelo ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali kanye nokwakheka kwama-molecule. Alawula ukuthi ama-athomu azosebenzisana kanjani, ahlangane, futhi aguquke kanjani, egcizelela izinqubo kusukela ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali okulula kakhulu kuya ezindleleni eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-biochemical. Ithebula le-periodic ngokwalo lihlelwe ngokusekelwe ezimpahleni zalezi zinhlayiya ze-subatomic, liqondisa osokhemisi ekubikezeleni ukuziphatha kwezinto.
Kwezobuchwepheshe kanye Nezokwelapha
Ukuqonda ama-electron nama-proton kuholele ekuthuthukisweni okukhulu kwezobuchwepheshe. Ama-elekthronikhi athembele ekugelezeni kwama-electron okulawulwayo, okwenza kube lula ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhompyutha, ama-smartphone, kanye namadivayisi kagesi angenakubalwa. Kwezokwelapha, amasu anjenge-MRI athembele ekuziphatheni kwama-proton emzimbeni ukuze akhiqize izithombe zangaphakathi ezinemininingwane, aguqule amakhono okuxilonga.
Isiphetho
Ama-electron nama-proton ayizinsika zesakhiwo nokuziphatha kwama-athomu. Ukutholakala kwawo kanye nokuqonda okulandelayo kwezakhiwo zawo kuye kwavula indlela yentuthuko kwezekhemistri, i-physics, kanye neminye imikhakha eminingi yesayensi. Ngokuhlola ukusebenzisana nezici zalezi zinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu, ososayensi bayaqhubeka nokuvula izimfihlo zendawo yonke, besebenzisa ulwazi lwabo ukuqhuba intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nokujulisa ukuqonda kwethu umhlaba wemvelo.
