Izizathu Zokuthi Isibhakabhaka Siluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: Ukuhlola Okujulile
Kusukela ebuntwaneni, abaningi bethu bebezibuza ukuthi kungani isibhakabhaka siluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Lo mbuzo oye wathakazelisa abantu amakhulu eminyaka, futhi uhlanganisa isayensi nokuncane kwezinkondlo. Naphezu kobunjalo bawo bansuku zonke, ukuqonda ukuthi kungani isibhakabhaka sibonakala siluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuhilela ukucwaninga ezweni elithakazelisayo le-physics nesayensi yasemkhathini. Lesi sihloko sihlola izincazelo zesayensi ngemuva kwalesi simo futhi sinikeza ukuqonda okuphelele kokuthi kungani isibhakabhaka sethu siluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ukusabalalisa kukaRayleigh: Imbangela Eyinhloko
Isizathu esiyinhloko sokuthi isibhakabhaka sibonakale siluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kungenxa yomqondo owaziwa ngokuthi i-Rayleigh scattering. Iqanjwe ngososayensi waseBrithani uLord Rayleigh, owachaza lokhu kuhlakazeka ngekhulu le-19, ibhekisela ekuhlakazekeni kokukhanya ngezinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu kunobude bokukhanya. Kodwa ake sikuchaze kabanzi.
Uhlobo Lokukhanya
Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ukukhanya kwelanga, noma ukukhanya okumhlophe, kuqukethe imibala ehlukahlukene, ngayinye enama-wavelength ahlukene. Lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kungena emkhathini woMhlaba, kuhlangana nama-molecule nezinhlayiya ezincane. Ngenkathi imibala enama-wavelength amade, njengobomvu, o-orenji, nophuzi, ivame ukudlula emkhathini ngqo, ama-wavelength amafushane (aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka no-violet) amuncwa kalula bese ehlakazeka ngezindlela ezahlukene ngamagesi nezinhlayiya zomkhathi.
Kungani Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka Kubusa
Nakuba ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kusakazeke kakhulu kunokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngenxa yobude bawo obufushane, amehlo ethu awazweli kakhulu ku-violet. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye enkulu yokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka imuncwa ungqimba lwe-ozone oluphezulu emkhathini woMhlaba. Ngenxa yalokho, ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kusakazeke kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, okwenza isibhakabhaka sibonakale siluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kakhulu emehlweni ethu.
Indima Yomkhathi
Ukwakheka kanye nobukhulu bomkhathi woMhlaba kudlala indima ebalulekile enqubweni yokuhlakazeka. Umkhathi wethu wakhiwe ikakhulukazi ngama-molecule e-nitrogen ne-oxygen, kanye namanani amancane amanye amagesi. Lawa ma-molecule ayisayizi efanele yokusabalalisa ukukhanya okufushane kwamagagasi (okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) kahle kakhulu kune-wavelength ende (obomvu no-orenji).
Ubukhulu bomkhathi buphinde bube nomthelela ekwahlukeni kwemibala esiyibonayo. Lobu bukhulu buyahlukahluka ngokusekelwe ekhoneni lelanga. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokuphuma kwelanga nokushona kwalo, ukukhanya kwelanga kufanele kudlule ebukhulu obukhulu bomkhathi, okuhlakaza amaza amafushane okukhanya aphume emgqeni wokubona futhi kuvumele amaza amade okukhanya (obomvu namawolintshi) ukuba alawule, okunikeza isibhakabhaka imibala yaso emihle ekuntweleni nasekuhwaleni kwelanga.
Umbono Womuntu
Ukubona kwethu umbala kungenye into eyenza sibone isibhakabhaka njengoluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Amehlo abantu aqukethe amangqamuzana e-cone azwela imibala ehlukene yokukhanya: obomvu, oluhlaza okotshani, noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Lapho ukukhanya kusakazeka emoyeni, ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kushaya ama-retina ethu kaningi, kuvuselele ama-cone azwela okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, yize ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kukhona, amehlo ethu awazweli kakhulu kukho, futhi ama-cone aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nawo asabela kancane ku-violet, okuthuthukisa ukubukeka okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ezinye Izinto Ezithonya Umbala Wesibhakabhaka
Nakuba i-Rayleigh scattering ichaza umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ogqamile, ezinye izici eziningana zingathonya umbala wesibhakabhaka:
– Ama-Aerosol kanye Nezinto Ezingcolisayo: Izinhlayiya ezivela ekuqhumeni kwezintaba-mlilo, imililo yasendle, kanye nemisebenzi yabantu zingasakaza ukukhanya ngendlela ehlukile. Izinhlayiya ezinkulu zisakaza wonke amaza okukhanya, ngokuvamile zenza isibhakabhaka sibukeke simhlophe noma simpunga, okwaziwa ngokuthi i-Mie scattering.
– Amaconsi Amanzi Namakristalu Eqhwa: Amafu nezinye izinhlobo zemvula zisakaza ukukhanya ngezindlela ezahlukene, okufaka isandla ekuhlukeni kombala wesibhakabhaka esikubonayo ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezahlukene.
– Ukuphakama kanye nendawo: Izindawo eziphakeme zingabonakala ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngenxa yesimo sezulu esincane, okunciphisa ukusabalala kwamanye amaza okukhanya. Ngokufanayo, izindawo ezinokungcola okuncane zinesibhakabhaka esibonakala sicacile futhi siluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ukuqonda Komlando
Okuhlaba umxhwele ukuthi ukufuna ukuqonda ukuthi kungani isibhakabhaka siluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunomlando ocebile. AmaGreki asendulo ayeqagela ngesimo sombala wesibhakabhaka, futhi abantu abanjengoLeonardo da Vinci no-Isaac Newton banegalelo elikhulu ekuqondeni kwethu ukukhanya nombala. Kodwa-ke, kwaze kwaba ngekhulu le-19 lapho umsebenzi kaLord Rayleigh wanikeza khona incazelo yesayensi eqondile.
Ubuhle Besibhakabhaka Esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
Ngaphandle kwencazelo yaso yesayensi, isibhakabhaka esiluhlaza sinokubaluleka kobuhle kanye ngokomzwelo kubantu abaningi. Isibhakabhaka esiluhlaza esicacile sivame ukuhlotshaniswa nesimo sezulu esihle, ukuthula, kanye nomuzwa wokuvuleka kanye nenkululeko. Siphefumulele imisebenzi eminingi yobuciko, izincwadi, kanye nomculo kuwo wonke umlando wesintu.
Isiphetho
Ngamafuphi, umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka wesibhakabhaka uwumphumela wokusabalala kweRayleigh, lapho ubude obufushane bokukhanya (oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) buhlakazeka khona ngempumelelo ngama-molecule asemkhathini woMhlaba. Lesi simo, kanye nokuzwela kwamehlo ethu ekukhanyeni okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kudala uphahla oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka oluhle kakhulu esilubonayo ngosuku olucacile. Izici ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ukwakheka komkhathi, ukuqonda komuntu, kanye nezimo zemvelo, konke kudlala indima kulesi simo sansuku zonke kodwa esimangalisayo.
Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani isibhakabhaka siluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka akugcini nje ngokwanelisa ilukuluku eliyisisekelo kodwa futhi kugcizelela ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kokukhanya nezinto. Kuwubufakazi bobuhle nobunzima bomhlaba wemvelo, isikhumbuzo sokuthi ngisho nokuhlangenwe nakho okuvamile kusekelwe yizimiso zesayensi ezithakazelisayo. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi esizayo lapho ubheka isibhakabhaka esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esicacile, uzokwazi okwengeziwe ngezinqubo ezimangalisayo ezenza kube njalo.
