Izinsimbi zokubona - izinkinga nezixazululo

Izinsimbi zokubona - izinkinga nezixazululo

Isibuko esigobile

1. Into ephakeme nge-h ibekwa ebangeni elincane kunobude obuqondile f. Thola izakhiwo zesithombe.

Isixazululo

Ngokusho komfanekiso ongenhla, izakhiwo zesithombe zingokoqobo, ziqondile futhi zinkulu kunento.

2. Uma into ibekwe phakathi nendawo ephakathi nendawo egxile kuyo kanye nesibuko esigobile, isithombe esakhiwe yisibuko yilesi:

1. Okukhulu izikhathi ezimbili kunento

2. Okuqondile

3. Ibanga lesithombe = ubude obuqondile

4. Okubonakalayo

Isitatimende esifanele sithi…..

Isixazululo:

Ubude be-focal (f) = 20 cm kanye nebanga lento (do _o ) = 10 cm, njengoba isithombe siboniswe ngezansi:

a) Ibanga lesithombe

1/f = 1/do ₊ 1/d _i

1/20 = 1/10 + 1/ngosuku _i

1/20 – 1/10 = 1/ngosuku _i

1/20 – 2/20 = 1/ngosuku _i

-1/20 = 1/ _ngosuku

d _i = -20 cm

Uphawu lokususa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe sibonakala ngeso lengqondo noma imisebe ayidluli ephuzwini.

b) Ukukhulisa isithombe

M = -d _i / do _o = -(-20)/10 = 20/10 = izikhathi ezi-2

Uphawu lokuhlanganisa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe siqondile futhi isithombe sikhulu izikhathi ezimbili kunento.

Izakhiwo zesithombe

1. Isithombe sikhulu ngokuphindwe kabili kunento

2. Okuqondile

3. Ibanga lesithombe = ubude obuqondile = 20 cm

4. Okubonakalayo

Isibuko esijiyile

3. Ibanga lento lingamamitha amabili phambi kwesibuko esijiyile futhi ukuphakama kwesithombe kuphindwe ka-1/16 kunokuphakama kwento. Buyini ubude obuqondile besibuko?

Kwaziwa:

Ibanga lento (do _o ) = 2 amamitha

Ukukhulisa isithombe (M) = 1/16 izikhathi

Okufunwayo: ubude obuqondile besibuko esijiyile

Isixazululo:

Ibanga lesithombe:

Ibanga lesithombe lingu -1/8 imitha. Uphawu lokususa lubonisa ukuthi isithombe sibonakala nge-inthanethi.

Ubude bokugxila (f):

Uphawu lokususa lubonisa ukuthi ubude bokugxila bubonakala nge-virtual.

4. Thola izakhiwo zesithombe esiphezulu se-h, esiphambi kwesibuko esiqondile.

Isixazululo

Ngokusho kwesithombe, izakhiwo zesithombe zingokoqobo, ziqondile futhi zincane kunento.

Ingilazi yokukhulisa

7. Ilensi yokugxila engu-5-m esetshenziswa njengengilazi yokukhulisa. Ilensi esetshenziswa yiso elivamile lapho iso ligxile endaweni yalo eseduze. Iyini i-angular magnification yengilazi yokukhulisa?

Kwaziwa:

Ubude obuqondile (f) = 5 cm

Iphuzu eliseduze neso elivamile (N) = 25 cm

Okufunwayo: Ukukhulisa i-Angular

Isixazululo:

Uma iso ligxile endaweni yalo eseduze, ibanga lesithombe = indawo eseduze neso elivamile. Isibalo sokukhulisa i-angular:

M = Ukukhulisa okugobile, N = indawo eseduze neso elivamile, f = ubude obuqondile beglasi yokukhulisa

Ukukhulisa okune-angular lapho iso ligxile endaweni yalo eseduze:

Iso elibona eduze neso elibona kude

8. Umuntu oneso eliseduze usebenzisa ingilazi yamehlo engu-+2 Diopters . Yiliphi ibanga eliseduze kakhulu umuntu angalibona ngaphandle kwengilazi yamehlo?

Kwaziwa:

Amandla e-lens (P) = +2 diopters

Kufunwa: Ibanga eliseduze kakhulu

Isixazululo:

Ilensi ehlanganayo noma ilensi ehlukanisayo?

Amandla ngelensi ayakha ngoba ilensi esetshenziswayo ilensi enhle noma ilensi ehlanganayo.

Buyini ubude be-focal belensi?

P = 1/f

2 = 1/f

f = 1/ 2 = 0.5 m = 50 cm

Ubude be-focal buyi-50 cm.

Iso elibona eduze neso elibona kude?

Iso elibona eduze ngoba ilensi esetshenzisiwe iyilensi enhle.

Iyiphi ibanga eliseduze kakhulu umuntu angalibona ngaphandle kwezibuko zamehlo?

Ukuze iso libone izinto ezikude ngamasentimitha angama-25 njengeso elivamile, ilensi kufanele yakhe isithombe ekude ngamasentimitha angama-x phambi kwelensi. Isithombe siphambi kwelensi ukuze isithombe siqonde futhi sibonakale. Isithombe sibonakala singokoqobo ukuze ibanga lesithunzi (s) libe negative.

-1/ngosuku _i = 1/f – 1/ngosuku _o

-1/usuku _i = 1/50 – 1/25 = 1/50-2/50 = -1/50

-d _i = -50/1 = -50 cm = -0.50 amamitha

d _i = 50 cm = 0.5 amamitha

Ibanga eliseduze kakhulu umuntu angalibona ngaphandle kwengilazi yamehlo lingama -50 cm. Ibanga eliseduze kakhulu iso elivamile elingalibona lingama-25 cm.

Isibuko samehlo

9. Iphuzu eliseduze lomuntu oneso elibona eduze lingama- 50 cm. Yimaphi amandla elensi asetshenziswa ngumuntu ukuze abone izinto ezingama-25 cm?

Isixazululo

Eduze kwephuzu leso elivamile kungama-25 cm kanti eduze kwephuzu lomuntu oneso elibonayo kungama -50 cm. Ilensi esetshenziswa ngumuntu ilensi ehlanganayo.

Ukuze into ebonwes ukuze ibe ngamasentimitha angama-25 phambi kweso, ilensi kufanele yakhe i- isithombe ebangeni elingama-50 cm phambi kweso kanye nelensi. isithombe kumele kube phambi kwamehlo ukuze kubonakale ukuze isithombe iqondile futhi ingokoqobo.

Kwaziwa:

Ibanga lento (do _o ) = 25 cm

Ibanga lesithombe (d _i ) = -50 cm (elibi ngoba lingokoqobo)

Okufunwayo : Ubude be-focal (f) kanye namandla ngelensi (P)

Isixazululo:

1/f = 1/s + 1/s'

1/f = 1/25 + 1/-50

1/f = 2/50 – 1/50

1/f = 1/50

f = 50/1 = 50 cm = 0.5 m

Uphawu olungeziwe lubonisa ukuthi ilensi iyahlangana.

P = 1/f = 1/0.5 = +2 Ama-Diopters

Amandla e-lens angu-+2 D.

isibonakhulu

10. I-microscope inelensi eqondile neyamehlo enobude obungama -0.9 cm kanye nama-5 cm. Othile ubeka into engama-10 mm phambi kwelensi eqondile ukuze ibonwe ngelensi yamehlo ngaphandle kokufakwa. Uma into inobude obungama-0.5 mm futhi ibanga elijwayelekile lokufunda lomuntu lingu-25 cm, khona-ke ubude bento buzobonakala...

Kwaziwa:

Ubude obuqondile belensi eqondiwe (f _ob ) = 0.9 cm = 9 mm

Ubude obuqondile belensi yeso (uma _kulungile ) = 5 cm = 50 mm

Ibanga lento ukusuka kulensi eqondile (s _ob ) = 10 mm

Ubude bento (h _o ) = 0.5 mm

Iphuzu eliseduze neso elijwayelekile (N) = 25 cm = 250 mm

Okufunwayo: Ubude besithombe (h _i' )

Isixazululo:

Ibanga lesithombe kusuka kulensi eqondile

1/s _ob ' = 1/f _ob – 1/s _ob = 1/9 – 1/10 = 10/90 – 9/90 = 1/90

s _ob ' = 90/1 = 90 mm

Ukukhulisa okuphelele kwe-microscope lapho iso likhululekile noma lapho isithombe singenasiphelo, kubalwa kusetshenziswa i-equation:

Ubude besithombe = ubude bento x ukukhuliswa okuphelele = (0.5 mm)(45) = 22.5 mm.

11. Ubude obuqondile belensi eqondile ye-microscope bungu-2.0 cm. Into ibekwa ku-2.2 cm. Ubude be-microscope bungu-24.5 cm. Iso lijwayelekile futhi likhululekile. Kuyini ukukhuliswa okuphelele kwe-microscope.

Kwaziwa:

Ubude obuqondile belensi eqondiwe (f _ob ) = 2.0 cm

Ibanga lento ukusuka kulensi eqondile (d _ob ) = 2.2 cm

Ubude be-Microscope (l) = 24.5 cm

Iphuzu eliseduze neso elivamile (N) = 25 cm

Iso likhululekile.

Okufunwayo: Ukwandiswa okuphelele kwe-microscope (M)

Isixazululo:

Iso liyakhululeka lapho isithombe singapheli.

Ukukhulisa okuphelele kwe-microscope uma iso likhululekile:

M = ukukhuliswa okuphelele

l = ubude be-microscope = ibanga phakathi kwelensi eqondile kanye nelensi yeso = ubude obuqondile belensi yeso + ibanga lesithombe kusuka kulensi eqondile (d _ob ') = f _ok + d _ob '

Ibanga lesithombe ukusuka kulensi eqondile (d _ob '):

1/f _ob = 1/d _ob + 1/d _ob '

1/d _ob ' = 1/f _ob – 1/d _ob = 1/2 – 1 / 2.2 = 2.2 / 4.4 – 2 / 4.4 = 0.2 / 4.4

d _ob ' = 22

Ibanga lesithombe ukusuka kulensi eqondile lingu-22 cm.

Ubude be-focal yelensi yeso (uma _kulungile ):

l = f _kulungile + s _ob '

f _ok = l – d _ob ' = 24.5 – 22 = 2.5 cm

Ukwandiswa okuphelele kwe-microscope (M):

12. Iphuzu eliseduze neso elivamile lingu-25 cm. Kuyini ukukhuliswa kwe-microscope?

Kwaziwa:

Iphuzu eliseduze neso elivamile (N) = 25 cm

Ibanga lento (d _ob ) = 1.2 cm

Ubude be-focal belensi eqondile (f _ob ) = 1 cm

Ubude be-focal lens yeso (f _ok ) = 5 cm

Ibanga phakathi kwelensi eqondiwe kanye nelensi yeso = 10 cm

Okufunwayo: Ukukhulisa ama-microscope

Isixazululo:

Uma isithombe sokugcina sisesilinganisweni esingenamkhawulo khona-ke iso likhululekile (ukuhlala okungenani). Uma isithombe sokugcina sisesilinganisweni esiseduze (25 cm), iso alikhululekile kodwa ligxile esilinganisweni esiseduze (ukuhlala okuphezulu).

Isilinganiso sokukhulisa i-microscope lapho iso ligxile eduze (indawo yokuhlala ephezulu):

Ibanga lesithombe ukusuka kulensi eqondile (d _ob '):

1/d _ob ' = 1/d _ob – 1/d _ob = 1/1 – 1 / 1.2 = 12/12 – 10/12 = 2/12

d _ob ' = 12/2 = 6 cm

Ukukhulisa isithombe:

Izinkinga ze-Microscope nezixazululo

I-telescope

Izinkinga nezixazululo zeTelescope 1

Izinkinga nezixazululo zeTelescope 2

1. Iyini isimiso esiyisisekelo samathuluzi okukhanya?
   • Impendulo: Isimiso esiyisisekelo samathuluzi okukhanya ukuphathwa kokukhanya, ikakhulukazi ngokukhanya okukhanyayo nokukhanya, ukuze kwakhiwe futhi kukhuliswe izithombe, okusisiza sibone izinto kangcono noma silinganise izakhiwo ezithile zokukhanya.
2. Izibuko zamehlo ezilungisayo zisebenza kanjani ukuthuthukisa umbono?
   • Impendulo: Izibuko zamehlo ezilungisayo zinamalensi avala ukushiyeka kweso ekugxiliseni ukukhanya. Ngokubona eduze, amalensi aguqukile asakaza imisebe yokukhanya, kanti ngokubona kude, amalensi aguqukile ahlanganisa imisebe yokukhanya, okwenza iso likwazi ukugxila izithombe ku-retina ngendlela efanele.
3. Kungani ingilazi ekhulisayo yenza izinto zibonakale zinkulu?
   • Impendulo: Ingilazi yokukhulisa ilensi eqondile edala isithombe esibonakalayo, esikhulisiwe, nesiqondile sento lapho into ibekwe ngaphakathi kobude obuqondile belensi. Iso libona lesi sithombe esikhulisiwe njengesikhulu kunento ngokwayo.
4. Ukuvulwa kwekhamera kuyithinta kanjani ikhwalithi yesithombe?
   • Impendulo: Imbobo ilawula inani lokukhanya okungena kwikhamera. Imbobo enkulu ivumela ukukhanya okwengeziwe, okungabangela izithombe ezingcono ezinokukhanya okuphansi. Kodwa-ke, imbobo enkulu inciphisa nokujula kwensimu, okusho ukuthi ingxenye encane yesithombe izobe igxile. Ngokuphambene nalokho, imbobo encane ikhulisa ukujula kwensimu kodwa ingadinga izikhathi ezinde zokuvezwa noma izilungiselelo zokuzwela eziphakeme.
5. Kungani ama-binocular evame ukuba nenombolo efana nokuthi “10×50” kuzo?
   • Impendulo: Kuma-binoculars “10×50”, u-“10x” usho ukuthi into izobonakala isondele izikhathi eziyi-10 kunangeso lenyama. U-“50” ubhekisela kububanzi belensi eqondiwe ngamamilimitha. Ilensi eqondiwe enkulu ingaqoqa ukukhanya okwengeziwe, yenze isithombe sikhanye, ikakhulukazi sibe usizo ezimweni zokukhanya okuphansi.
6. Ithelesikopu iqoqa kanjani ukukhanya okwengeziwe kuneso lomuntu, futhi kungani lokhu kubalulekile ekubukeni izinkanyezi ezikude?
   • Impendulo: Ama-telescope anamalensi amakhulu kakhulu (noma izibuko) kuneso lomuntu, okuwavumela ukuthi aqoqe futhi agxilise ukukhanya okwengeziwe. Leli khono lokuqoqa ukukhanya elikhulayo libalulekile ekubukeni izinto zasezulwini ezikude nezingabonakali ngamehlo enyama.
7. Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-refracting kanye ne-reflecting telescope?
   • Impendulo: I-telescope ephindayo (noma i-refractor) isebenzisa amalensi ukugoba nokugxila ekukhanyeni, kuyilapho i-telescope ephindayo (noma i-reflector) isebenzisa izibuko. Ama-refractor avame ukuba nenkinga yokuphambuka kwe-chromatic, okungabangela imiphetho enemibala ezungeze izinto. Ama-reflector ayayigwema le nkinga kodwa angadinga ukulungiswa nokulungiswa okuvamile.
8. Kungani ama-microscope esebenzisa amalensi amaningi?
   • Impendulo: Ama-microscope asebenzisa inhlanganisela yamalensi (i-objective kanye ne-eyepiece) ukuze afinyelele ukukhulisa okuphezulu kanye nesisombululo. Ilensi e-objective ikhulisa isampula, bese i-eyepiece ikhulisa leso sithombe ngokwengeziwe. Inhlanganisela ivumela ukubonwa okuningiliziwe kwezakhiwo ezincane.
9. I-optical fiber idlulisela kanjani ulwazi emabangeni amade?
   • Impendulo: Imicu yokubona isebenzisa isimiso sokukhanya kwangaphakathi okuphelele. Izimpawu zokukhanya (ngokuvamile ezivela kuma-laser) zifakwa ku-fiber futhi ziveza izindonga zangaphakathi ze-fiber, zihamba amabanga amade ngokulahlekelwa okuncane kwamandla. Lezi zibonakaliso zokukhanya zingathwala idatha eningi.
10. Iyini indima ye-prism ku-spectrometer?

• Impendulo: Ku-spectrometer, i-prism ihlakaza ukukhanya okungenayo kumbala wezingxenye zayo (i-spectrum) ngokusekelwe kuma-wavelength. Lokhu kuvumela ukuhlaziywa kwemithombo yokukhanya ukuze kutholakale ukwakheka kwayo, amandla ayo, kanye nezinye izakhiwo.