Mibvunzo Yemuenzaniso Inotsanangura Kuumbwa Kwemasero
Kuumbwa kwemasero inyaya inokosha mu cellular biology, iyo inoongorora chimiro uye mashandiro ezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana mukati memasero. Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura mienzaniso yakati wandei yematambudziko ane chekuita nekuumbwa kwemasero, pamwe chete nemhinduro dzawo. Izvi zvichakubatsira kunzwisisa pfungwa huru mu cellular biology uye mashandisirwo adzo.
Mubvunzo 1: Kamudzira keSero
Mubvunzo:
Tsanangura mabasa makuru e membrane yesero uye kuti chimiro chayo chinotsigira sei mabasa aya.
Kukurukurirana:
Kamudzira kesero, kana kuti plasma membrane, inoshanda zvikuru kudzivirira sero kubva kunharaunda yekunze uye inodzora kufamba kwemamorekuru achipinda nekubuda musero. Kamudzira aka kanopindika zvishoma, zvichibvumira kuchinjana kwemaion nemamorekuru eorganic akakosha pakushanda kwesero.
Maumbirwo emembrane yesero anosanganisira flexible phospholipid bilayer, ine hydrophilic phosphate heads yakatarisa kunze uye hydrophobic fatty acid tails yakatarisa mukati. Maumbirwo aya anotsigira mashandiro emembrane yesero ne:
1. Inogadzira muganhu unochinjika asi wakasimba pakati pemukati nekunze kwesero.
2. Ipa nharaunda inodzora kufamba kwemamorekuru kuburikidza nemapuroteni emugero uye anotakura ari mumembrane.
3. Kuita mabasa ekutaurirana kwemasero kuburikidza nemapuroteni ereceptor ari pamusoro pemasero.
Pamusoro pezvo, cholesterol iri mumembrane inowedzera kugadzikana pasina kuderedza kuyerera kwayo.
Mubvunzo 2: Masero eOrganelles
Mubvunzo:
Enzanisa uye enzanisa mashandiro e mitochondria nema chloroplast mumasero eukaryotic.
Kukurukurirana:
Mitochondria nema chloroplast inhengo mbiri dzinokosha mumasero eukaryotic dzinobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwesimba, asi nenzira dzakasiyana uye mumhando dzakasiyana dzemasero.
Mitochondria:
– Inozivikanwa se "simba resero." Ndiko kunoitika kufema kwemasero, izvo zvinoshandura glucose neokisijeni kuita ATP (adenosine triphosphate), iyo inova ndiyo sosi huru yesimba resero.
- Inowanikwa mumasero ese eukaryotic, emhuka nemiti.
– Maumbirwo e mitochondria ane membrane mbiri ine mafold emukati anonzi cristae, ayo anowedzera nzvimbo yepamusoro yekufema kwemasero.
MaChloroplast:
- Inowanikwa mumasero emiti uye mune mamwe mapurotist chete.
– Nzvimbo inoitika photosynthesis, maitiro anoshandura chiedza chezuva, kabhoni dhayokisaidhi, nemvura kuita glucose neokisijeni.
– Ine chimiro chakaomarara chine membrane mbiri uye mirwi yethylakoids inoumba granum, uko maitiro e photosynthesis anoitika.
Chinofanana pakati pemaorganelle maviri aya ndechekuti ese ane DNA yawo, iyo inotsigira dzidziso yekuti akabva kuzvisikwa zveprokaryotic zvaive zvakazadzwa nemasero ekare eukaryotic.
Mubvunzo 3: Nhunzi yeSero
Mubvunzo:
Tsanangura basa renucleus mumasero eukaryotic uye kuti inodzora sei mabasa emasero.
Kukurukurirana:
Nheyo iyi inoshanda senzvimbo yekudzora masero eukaryotic. Heano mamwe emabasa makuru enyuko iyi:
1. Kuchengetwa kweRuzivo rweMajini:
Nheyo iyi inochengeta DNA, ine ruzivo rwemajini ekukura kwemasero, mashandiro awo, uye kuberekana kwawo. DNA inogara yakagadzikana muchimiro chechromatin, kunze kwekunge panguva yekupatsanurwa kwemasero, apo inoungana kuita machromosome.
2. Kunyorwa uye Kudzora Majini:
Nheyo ndiyo nzvimbo inonyorwa manyorerwo ezvinyorwa, uko DNA inoshandurwa kuita messenger RNA (mRNA). MRNA inobva yasiya nheyo kuti ishandurwe kuita mapuroteni ne ribosomes mu cytoplasm. Maitiro aya anodzora majini anoratidzwa uye kusvika papi, nerubatsiro rwezvinhu zvinonyorwa manyorerwo ezvinyorwa uye epigenetic modifications.
3. Kudzokororwa kweDNA:
Munguva yekupatsanurwa kwemasero, nucleus inoita kuti DNA idzokororwe nemazvo, zvichiita kuti sero rega rega ridzokororwe zvakafanana.
4. Kutakurwa kweNucleus-Cytoplasm:
Kamudzira kenyukireya kane maburi enyukireya anodzora kutakurwa kwemamorekuru akadai seRNA ne ribosomal subunits pakati penucleus ne cytoplasm.
Mubvunzo 4: Cytoplasm neCytoskeleton
Mubvunzo:
Basa re cytoskeleton musero nderei, uye zvikamu zvayo zvinotsigira sei basa rayo?
Kukurukurirana:
Cytoskeleton inharembozha yefibers inopa chimiro uye rutsigiro rwemakemikoro kumasero, inochengetedza chimiro chawo, uye inobvumira kufamba kwe organelles nemamorekuru mukati mesero.
Zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru zve cytoskeleton ndeizvi:
1. Matubhuru madiki:
– Yakagadzirwa netubulin, inoshanda kuchengetedza chimiro chemasero uye inopa nzira yekufamba kwema vesicles nema organelles kuburikidza nekushanda kwema motor proteins akadai se kinesin ne dynein.
- Inobatanidzwa mukuparadzaniswa kwema chromosomes panguva ye mitosis.
2. Filaments dzeActin (Zvinhu Zvidiki):
– Yakagadzirwa neprotein ye actin, inoita basa guru mukufamba kwemasero kuburikidza ne pseudopodia, pamwe nekudzikira kwemhasuru mumasero emhuka.
- Inoshanda mukupatsanurwa kwe cytoplasmic (cytokinesis) panguva yekupatsanurwa kwemasero.
3. Filaments dzepakati:
– Inoshanda kupa kugadzikana kwechimiro uye simba rekusunga masero. Chikamu ichi chinogara kwenguva refu kupfuura zvimwe zvivako zvefilament.
- Inopa simba remuchina rinodzivirira kukwizwa nemasero, senge mumasero eganda.
Chinopa chemasero checytoskeleton chinobvumira masero kuchinja zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nemashandiro awo, mukufambisa mukati memasero uye mukudyidzana nemamiriro ekunze.
Nekunzwisisa mashandiro akasiyana uye maumbirwo echinhu chimwe nechimwe chezvinhu izvi, tinogona kuona kuti kuomarara kwesero kunotsigira sei mabasa akasiyana-siyana ehupenyu akakosha kuhupenyu. Chinyorwa chino chine chinangwa chekupa mufananidzo wakajeka wekuumbwa kwemasero uye kubatsira mukunzwisisa pfungwa dzebiology yemasero.
