Mutemo waCoulomb

Muchinyorwa chinotaura nezvekuchaja kwemagetsi nemarudzi echaja yemagetsi, zvinotsanangurwa kuti sekuchaja kwemagetsi kunodzingana ukuwo kusiyana nekuchaja kwemagetsi kunokwezvana. Nemamwe mashoko, zvinhu zvinochaja zvakanaka zvinokwezva zvinhu zvinochaja zvakaipa, zvinhu zvinochaja zvakanaka zvinodzinga zvinhu zvinochaja zvakanaka, uye zvinhu zvinochaja zvakaipa zvinodzinga zvinhu zvinochaja zvakaipa. Chiitiko ichi chinoratidza kuvapo kwesimba remagetsi rinoshanda pazvinhu zvinochaja zvakanaka uye zvinhu zvinochaja zvakaipa. Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinopesvedzera hukuru hwesimba remagetsi pakati pezvinhu zvinochaja zvine magetsi?

Nyanzvi yefizikisi yekuFrance Charles Coulomb (1736–1806) akaita ongororo dzakawanda muma1780 kuti aongorore zvinhu zvinopesvedzera hukuru hwesimba remagetsi pakati pezvinhu zvine simba remagetsi. Mudziyo waishandiswa naCoulomb wakafanana newaishandiswa naCavendish pakuongorora simba remagetsi, rinonzi torsion balance. Coulomb akaongorora simba remagetsi, saka akashandisa mabhora maviri esimbi ane simba remagetsi, nepo Cavendish akaongorora simba remagetsi, saka akashandisa mabhora maviri ane simba remagetsi asina simba remagetsi.

Mashandiro anoita chikero chetorque  

 
Mashandiro anoita chikero chetorque ane chekuita nenyaya yacho torque kana nguva yesimba muchitsauko simba rekutenderera.
Nzvimbo iri mu torsion balance inoiswa vacuum kudzivirira kuti charge yemagetsi iri pabhora rakasimba isaende mumhepo. Kuziva huwandu hwechaji yemagetsi iri pabhora rakasimba kunoitwa uchishandisa nzira inotevera. Pakutanga, bhora rakasimba A rinogadzirwa richichajiwa nemagetsi kuburikidza ne conduction kana friction. Bhora rakasimba A rakachajiwa nemagetsi rakabatana nebhora rakasimba B iro richiri neutral uchishandisa electric conductor kusvika charge yemagetsi yebhora rakasimba A yakakamurwa zvakaenzana nebhora rakasimba B. Kana huwandu hwechaji yemagetsi yebhora rakasimba A iri ½ saka huwandu hwechaji yemagetsi yebhora rakasimba B i ½. Tevere, bhora rakasimba B nebhora rakasimba C zvakabatana ne electric conductor kusvika charge yemagetsi yebhora rakasimba B yakakamurwa zvakaenzana nebhora rakasimba C. Kana huwandu hwechaji yemagetsi yebhora rakasimba B iri ¼ saka huwandu hwechaji yemagetsi yebhora rakasimba C i ¼. Huwandu hwechaji yemagetsi uye rudzi rwechaji yemagetsi yebhora rakasimba 1 nebhora rakasimba 2 zvinowanikwa nenzira iyi.

Dunhu rakasimba 1 nedunhu rakasimba 2 zvinochajwa nemagetsi kuitira kuti dunhu rakasimba mbiri idzi dzidyidzane kana dunhu iri riine simba remagetsi rakafanana kana kuti richikweverana kana dunhu iri riine simba remagetsi rakasiyana. Kuvapo kwesimba rinokwezva kana rinodzinga pakati pedunhu iri rinochajwa nemagetsi kunoita kuti dunhu rakasimba 2 ritenderere. Kona yekufamba kwedunhu rakasimba 2 inoyerwa kuti ione simba remagetsi rinoshanda padunhu iri rakasimba.

Zvinhu zvinopesvedzera simba remagetsi

Zvichibva pakuedza kwakaitwa uchishandisa torsion balance, Coulomb akawana zvinhu zvakati wandei.
– Mukuyedza uku, daro riri pakati pemabhora maviri akasimba rinogara rakafanana. Kana huwandu hwechaji yemagetsi pabhora rakasimba 1 huri 1 uye huwandu hwechaji yemagetsi pabhora rakasimba 2 huri 1, simba remagetsi rinoshanda pamabhora ese akasimba riri 1. Kana huwandu hwechaji yemagetsi pabhora rakasimba 1 huri 2 uye huwandu hwechaji yemagetsi pabhora rakasimba 2 huri 2, simba remagetsi rinoshanda pamabhora ese akasimba riri 4. Coulomb akagumisa kuti hukuru hwesimba remagetsi rinoshanda pamabhora ese akasimba hunoenderana nechibereko chehuwandu hwechaji pamabhora ese akasimba (F ≈ q₁ q₂).
– Mukuyedza uku, huwandu hwechaji pamabhora ese akasimba hunogara hwakafanana. Kana daro riri pakati pemabhora maviri akasimba riri 1 saka simba remagetsi rinoshanda pamabhora ese akasimba i1. Kana daro riri pakati pemabhora maviri akasimba riri 2 saka simba remagetsi rinoshanda pamabhora ese akasimba i¼. Coulomb akagumisa kuti hukuru hwesimba remagetsi rinoshanda pamabhora ese akasimba hwakaenzana nechikwere chedaro (F ≈ 1 / r).²)

Mutemo waCoulomb

Mutemo waCoulomb mutemo wefizikisi unotsanangura hukama huripo pakati pesimba remagetsi, kuchaja kwemagetsi, uye daro riri pakati pechaja. Mutemo uyu wakagadzirwa zvichibva pakuedza kwaCoulomb, sezvakatsanangurwa munyaya yapfuura.

Mutemo waCoulomb unoti hukuru hwesimba rinoitwa nechinhu chimwe chete chine simba remagetsi pane chimwe chine simba remagetsi hwakaenzana zvakananga nezvibereko zvezvinopomerwa zvezvikamu zviviri uye zvakaenzana nechikamu chedaro riri pakati pazvo. Simba iri rinoshanda nemutsetse wakatwasuka unobatanidza zvikamu zviviri. Simba remagetsi rinosemesa kana zvinopomerwa zvemagetsi zvezvikamu zviviri zvakafanana uye simba remagetsi richikwezva kana zvinopomerwa zvemagetsi zvezvikamu zviviri zvisina kufanana.

Mutemo waCoulomb unogona kuratidzwa mu equation yemasvomhu:
Tsananguro yefomura:
F₁₂ = simba remagetsi riri pakati pechikamu 1 nechikamu 2
q₁ = nhamba yezvinobhadhariswa zvezvimedu 1
q₂ = huwandu hwemagetsi anochaja echikamu chechipiri
r₁₂ = chinhambwe chiri pakati pechikamu 1 nechikamu 2
(verenga: epsilon zero) = 8,854 x 10^-12 C²/Nm²
k = (chinongedzo chaCoulomb) = 9 x 10⁹ Nm²/C²
F₂₁ isimba rinoshandiswa nechaji q₂ pamutengo q₁, ukuwo F₁₂ isimba rinoshandiswa nechaji q₁ pamutengo q₂. F₂₁ uye F₁₂ dzinganai kana mhosva iri q₁ uye q₂ zvakafanana uye zvinokwezvana kana chaji iri q₁ uye q₂ kwete rudzi rumwe chete.
F₂₁ uye F₁₂ ane kukosha kwakafanana, divi rakapesana uye anoita zvinhu zvakasiyana, saka masimba maviri aya iboka resimba rekuita-kuita.