Zvinhu Zvekuchaja Zvemagetsi
Ndapota tarisa chimwe chezvinhu zvakakupoteredza. Kana ukaparadza chinhu, semuenzaniso dombo, dombo rinotsemuka kuita zvidimbu zvidiki zvakati wandei. Kana dombo rikatsemuka zvakare, dombo rinozoshanduka kuita zvidimbu zvidiki. Ko kana zvidimbu zvedombo zvikatsemuka zvakare? Ehe, zvidimbu zvedombo zvinotsemuka uye zvinoshandurwa kuita zvidimbu zvidiki. Matombo anogona kutsemuka kuita zvidimbu zvidiki kusvika apera zvachose here? Chokwadi chinoratidza kuti chero chinhu kana chakatsemuka kuita zvidimbu zvidiki chichasvika panzvimbo apo chikamu chidiki chechinhu hachigone kutsemuka kuita zvidimbu zvidiki. Chikamu chidiki chechinhu chisingagone kutsemuka chinonzi atomu. Saka atomu chikamu chidiki pane zvese zviri muchadenga.
Kuchaja Kwemagetsi Mumaatomu
Maatomu anoumbwa nemaerekitironi, mapurotoni, uye manyuturoni. Mapurotoni nemanyuturoni zvinoumba nucleus yeatomu, iyo inoyera mamita angangoita 10-15 . Maerekitironi ari kunze kwenucleus uye anoitenderera semapuraneti anotenderera zuva. Tichifunga kuti dhayamita yeatomu iri makiromita akati wandei, nucleus inenge yakakura sebhora rebhiriyadhi, nemaerekitironi ari mukati menucleus, achisvika chinhambwe chemamita angangoita 10-10 . Pakati penucleus neerekitironi pane nzvimbo isina chinhu.
Maerekitironi ane chaji isina kunaka ari pamucheto weatomu, uye mapurotoni ane chaji isina kunaka ari munucleus. Kuti maerekitironi arambe achitenderera nucleus uye asabude muatomu, nucleus ine chaji isina kunaka inofanira kushandisa simba rinokwezva pamaerekitironi. Simba iri, rinochengetedza maerekitironi achitenderera nucleus uye richiadzivirira kuti asabude, rinonzi simba remagetsi.
Kusiyana neizvi, mukati menucleus yeatomu mune mapurotoni ane chaji yakanaka, saka anodzingana nekuti ane chaji imwe chete. Kuti mapurotoni arambe ari pamwe chete munucleus yeatomu uye asaparadzane neatomu, simba rinofanira kuabatanidza pamwe chete. Simba rinobata mapurotoni ari munucleus yeatomu rinonzi simba renyukireya.
Huremu hweproton hwakafanana nehuremu hweneutron. Inenge 99,9% yehuremu hweatomu yakaungana munucleus, nepo maerekitironi aine huremu hudiki kwazvo. Huremu hweerekitironi (me ) = 9,1093897 x 10 -31 kg, huremu hweneutron (m n ) = 1,6749286 x 10 -27 kg, uye huremu hwepurotoni (m p ) = 1,6726231 x 10 -27 kg.
Huwandu hweChaji yeMagetsi
Maerekitironi ane chaji isina kunaka, mapurotoni ane chaji yakanaka, uye manyuturoni haana simba remagetsi. Mapurotoni nemanyuturoni anoumba atomu nucleus anoumbwa nemaquark, ane chaji dzinenge 1/3 uye dzinenge 2/3 kupfuura maerekitironi. Maquark ndiwo tumapundu tudiki tunoumba maatomu, asi kusvika pari zvino, maquark haasati awanikwa ari ega setumapundu tumwechete.
Hukuru hwe electron charge kana proton charge ndiyo basic unit of charge. Hukuru hwe electric charge yechinhu i multiple ye electron charge kana proton charge. Izvi zvinonzi quantized charge . Semuenzaniso, kana denomination diki yemari yatinoshandisa iri 100 rupiah, saka huwandu hwemari yatinayo munhu hunoratidzwa mu multiples yemari diki, kureva 100 rupiah. Semuenzaniso, huwandu hwemari yangu i100.000 uye iyi 100.000 inogona kukamurwa ne 100. Zvingave zvinoshamisa kana huwandu hwemari yangu hwaive 100.002 nekuti hapana denomination ye 2 rupiah. Saizvozvowo, huwandu hwechaji yechinhu. Huwandu hwechaji ye electron ndi -e uye huwandu hwechaji ye proton ndi +e. Huwandu hwechaji yechinhu i multiple ye e kana 1,60 x 10 -19 Coulomb uye inogona kuratidzwa kuburikidza ne Q = ±Ne. Q = huwandu hwechaji, ± inomiririra rudzi rwechaji, N = nhamba yese, e = 1,60 x 10 -19 Coulomb.
Kuchaja Kwemagetsi Muzvinhu
Kana atomu ine nhamba yakafanana yemaerekitironi nemapurotoni, zvinoreva kuti huwandu hwese hwemagetsi muatomu izero, uye atomu haina neutral, zvichireva kuti haina magetsi. Huwandu hwemapurotoni kana maerekitironi muatomu isina neutral hunonzi nhamba yeatomu (Z) . Kana paine maerekitironi akawanda kupfuura mapurotoni, atomu inochajwa neutral. Kusiyana neizvi, kana paine maerekitironi mashoma pane mapurotoni, atomu inochajwa neutral. Maatomu ane neutral anonzi maion asina kunaka , nepo maatomu ane positive charge anonzi maion asina kunaka . Maitiro ekunyudza kana kuburitsa maerekitironi kubva muatomu anonzi ionization . Patinoti atomu inochajwa, tinoreva huwandu hwese hwemagetsi kana kuti net charge. Semuenzaniso, atomu ine maerekitironi gumi nemapurotoni manomwe. Atomu iyi inochajwa neutral nekuti ine maerekitironi matatu akawandisa ane neutral charge. Saka net charge yeatomu iyi i3, uye mhando yeatomu inochajwa neutral. Nhamba 3, 7, 10 ingori mienzaniso yekuti zvive nyore kunzwisisa. Muchokwadi, huwandu hwechaji yemagetsi yechinhu ihuwandu hwechaji ye electron kana proton.
Kana chinhu chiine maerekitironi akawanda semapurotoni, zvinoreva kuti chinhu chacho hachina simba kana kuti hachina simba remagetsi. Kana chinhu chiine maerekitironi akawanda kupfuura mapurotoni, chinhu chacho chine simba remagetsi, asi kana chinhu chiine maerekitironi mashoma kupfuura mapurotoni, chinhu chacho chine simba remagetsi. Chinhu chakanga chisina simba pakutanga chinogona kushaikwa negative charge nekuwedzera maerekitironi kuchinhu chacho, asi chinhu chinogona kushaikwa negative charge nekuderedza maerekitironi ari muchinhu chacho.
