Dzidziso yaJeremy Bentham yeUtilitarian: Uzivi hweMufaro Wakanyanya
Pendauluan
Jeremy Bentham aive muzivi weChirungu wezana remakore rechi18 uye nyanzvi yezvemitemo inozivikanwa semumwe wevanhu vane simba guru mukusimudzira utilitarianism. Utilitarianism idzidziso yetsika inoongorora zviito zvichibva pakukwanisa kwavo kuunza mufaro kana kuderedza kutambura. Mukuona kwaBentham, chiito chakakodzera ndicho chinoburitsa "mufaro mukuru kune vanhu vazhinji." Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura mativi akasiyana-siyana edzidziso yeBentham yeutilitarian, kusanganisira misimboti yayo yekutanga, nzira dzekuyera, uye kukanganisa kwayo tsika nemaitiro everuzhinji.
Nheyo dzekutanga dzaBentham dzeUtilitarianism
Nheyo huru ye utilitarianism ndiyo nheyo yemufaro, kana kuti nheyo yekubatsira. Bentham akataura kuti zviito zvese zvevanhu zvinotungamirirwa nezvikonzero zviviri zvikuru: kutsvaga mufaro nekudzivisa kurwadziwa. Nemamwe mashoko, vanhu vanogara vachitsvaka kuenzana pakati pemufaro nekurwadziwa. Bentham akagadzira dzidziso iyi kuburikidza nenzira yake inonzi "hedonistic", maonero anoongorora mufaro zvichibva pane zvakaitika pakufara nekurwadziwa.
Bentham akatanga pfungwa ye "kuverenga mufaro" senzira yekuyera huwandu hwemufaro kana kutambura kunokonzereswa nechiito. Kuverenga uku kune zvinhu zvinomwe:
1. Kusimba: Kufara kana kurwadziwa kwakakonzerwa nesimba rakawanda sei.
2. Nguva: Kugara kwenguva yakareba sei mufaro kana kutambura.
3. Kusava nechokwadi kana kusava nechokwadi: Zvingangoitika sei kuti mufaro kana kutambura zviitike?
4. Kuva pedyo kana kure: Kufara kana kurwadziwa zvichakurumidza sei.
5. Kubereka: Kugona kwemufaro kuunza mufaro wakawanda mune ramangwana.
6. Kuchena: Kugona kwekuti mufaro usateverwa nekutambura.
7. Kusvika: Huwandu hwevanhu vanobatwa nekunakidzwa kana kurwadziwa.
Achishandisa kuverenga uku kwemufaro, Bentham aidavira kuti sarudzo dzetsika dzinogona kuitwa nekufunga nezvemhedzisiro yechiito chimwe nechimwe pamufaro wenharaunda.
Nzira dzekuyera mufaro
Zvisinei, chimwe chezvinonyanya kutsoropodzwa neBentham ndechekuti kuyera mufaro nekutambura nenzira yakatwasuka kwakaoma zvikuru. Kunyange zvazvo Bentham ichipa mitemo yakasiyana-siyana, nzira chaiyo yekuyera nayo zvinhu zvakafanana haisati yawanikwa. Vanhu vakasiyana vane mwero wakasiyana wekunzwa mufaro nekurwadziwa, pamwe netsananguro dzakasiyana dzemufaro pachawo. Uyezve, zviito zvinounza mufaro kune mumwe munhu zvingasava nemigumisiro yakafanana kune mumwe.
Mukupindura kushoropodzwa uku, Bentham akapa zano rekushandisa nzira yekuongorora mufaro. Semuenzaniso, mukugadzira mitemo yeruzhinji, kuunganidza data rehuwandu hwehutano, dzidzo, uye mararamiro kunogona kushandiswa kuongorora hutano hwevanhu. Zvisinei, nzira iyi ichiri kusangana nematambudziko mukuita kwayo, kunyanya mukuongorora zvinodiwa nemunhu mumwe nemumwe, izvo zvinogona kusiyana zvakanyanya.
Simba reBentham reUtilitarianism paPublic Policy
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakabatsira Bentham pakushandisa mitemo yeruzhinji kwaive kupesvedzera kwayo mutemo weveruzhinji. Nheyo yekuti "mufaro mukuru kune vazhinji" inopa gwara rakajeka rekusarudza mitemo yakatarisana nekuwedzera rubatsiro rweveruzhinji. Semuenzaniso, mumitemo yepamutemo, mutemo wehutano, kana zvirongwa zvemagariro evanhu.
Bentham ainyanya kutsoropodza masisitimu emutemo nemaitiro epanguva yake, ayo ainyanya kutarisa zvido zvevapfumi kana mapoka akati wandei kwete pakugara zvakanaka kwevanhu. Aitsigira shanduko dzakasiyana-siyana dzemutemo nedzemagariro evanhu, dzakadai sekubvisa mutongo werufu muzviitiko zvakawanda uye kugadziriswa kwemajeri kuti kutarise pakugadzirisa zvinhu pane kutsiva.
Mumazuva ano, kushandiswa kwemitemo yekubatsira vanhu kunoonekwa mumitemo yakasiyana-siyana yehurumende, kubva kumitemo yekubatsira vanhu kusvika pakugadzirisa dzidzo, iyo inonyanya kukosha pakuvandudza hupenyu hwese. Semuenzaniso, zvirongwa zvine chinangwa chekuwedzera mukana wekuwana dzidzo yepamusoro nehutano hweveruzhinji zvinoratidza mitemo yekubatsira vanhu.
Utilitarianism muChirevo cheMaitiro neMaitiro
Kushandiswa kwaBentham kwekubatsira vanhu kwakabatsirawo zvikuru pakukurukurirana nezvetsika netsika. Maitiro aya akasimbisa migumisiro yezviito kwete zvinangwa zviri shure kwazvo, uye anowanzozivikanwa semhedzisiro. Kuna Bentham, chiito chinogona kutongwa sechetsika kana chisina hunhu zvichibva pamhedzisiro yacho yekupedzisira, zvichikonzera mufaro kana kutambura kwevose vanobatwa nazvo.
Semuenzaniso, mudambudziko rakadai se "dambudziko retrolley," apo munhu anofanira kusarudza pakati pekurega tram ichienda nekuuraya vanhu vashanu kana kuitsausa kuenda kune imwe nzira inouraya munhu mumwe chete, munhu anoshanda nesimba angasarudza kuitsausa kuitira kuti munhu mumwe chete aurayiwe, nekuti izvozvo zvingaderedza kutambura uye kuwedzera mufaro.
Zvisinei, nzira iyi yakatarisana nekutsoropodzwa kwakasiyana-siyana. Chimwe chitsoropodzo chikuru ndechekuti utilitarianism haifungi nezvekodzero dzemunhu. Semuenzaniso, mumamiriro ezvinhu apo kodzero dzemunhu dzinofanira kutyorwa kuti vanhu vakawanda vawane mufaro mukuru, utilitarianism inogona kuonekwa sekusaruramisira. Kupa vanhu zvibayiro nekuda kwekugara zvakanaka kweruzhinji kunogona kutungamira mukutyorwa kwerusununguko nekodzero dzevanhu, izvo zvinoonekwa sezvinokosha mune dzimwe dzidziso dzakawanda dzetsika.
Penutup
Dzidziso yaJeremy Bentham inobatsira zvikuru inopa nzira inokwezva uye inoshanda yekunzwisisa tsika nekuita sarudzo. Yakavakirwa papfungwa yekuti "mufaro mukuru kune vakawanda," Bentham akagadzira hurongwa hwekuongorora zviito zvichibva pamhedzisiro yazvo pamufaro nekutambura. Zvisinei, pasinei nekushanda kwayo mukugadzira mitemo yeruzhinji, dzidziso iyi inosanganawo nematambudziko nekutsoropodzwa, kunyanya maererano nekuyera mufaro nekuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzemunhu.
Kunyange zvakadaro, dzidziso dzaBentham dzinoshanda zvakanyanya dzinoramba dziri imwe yedzidziso dzetsika dzine simba uye dzichiri kukurukurwa uye kugadziriswa mumamiriro ezvinhu emazuva ano. Kunzwisisa kwake kukosha kwemufaro sechinangwa chikuru chevanhu kwakavandudza hurukuro dzepfungwa uye kwakapa chishandiso chakakosha chekuongorora zviito nemaitiro ekugara zvakanaka kwevanhu.
