Dzidziso yeMarxist yePfungwa
Mukukurukurirana kwesainzi yemagariro evanhu nepfungwa dzezvematongerwo enyika, izwi rekuti pfungwa rinowanzo shandiswa kutsanangura kuti nzanga inonzwisisa sei nyika, inoongorora zvakanaka nezvakaipa, uye inoruramisa kurongeka kwemagariro evanhu kuripo. Zvisinei, mutsika dzechiMarxist, pfungwa hadzingonzwisiswi semuunganidzwa wepfungwa dzisina kwadzakarerekera kana "maonero enyika" akazvimirira. Pfungwa dzinonzwisiswa sedzakabatana zvikuru nehurongwa hwehupfumi, hukama hwekugadzira, uye kurwirana kwemapoka. Nemamwe mashoko, kuMarxism, pfungwa chikamu chemaitiro emagariro evanhu anobatsira kuchengetedza—kana kupikisa—simba reboka rakati.
Midzi Yekufunga: Hwaro uye Superstructure
Imwe yenzira dzinozivikanwa zvikuru muMarxism hukama huripo pakati pehwaro nehukuru. Hwaro hunoreva hwaro hwezvinhu zvenharaunda: nzira yekugadzira, kuva muridzi wezvinhu zvekugadzira, hukama huripo pakati pebasa nemari, uye kugoverwa kwevashandi. Hukuru hunosanganisira masangano etsika nezvigadzirwa zvakaita semutemo, nyika, chitendero, tsika, dzidzo, midhiya, uye, zvechokwadi, mafungiro.
Sekureva kwaKarl Marx, hwaro hwezvinhu hunonyanya kusarudza chimiro chechimiro chepamusoro. Izvi hazvirevi kuti hukama hwechikonzero hunogara huri nyore uye huchienderana nerumwe rutivi, asi zvinosimbisa kuti pfungwa dzinotonga munharaunda dzinowanzoenderana nezvinodiwa nezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi zveboka rinotonga. Pfungwa, nenzira iyi, dzinoratidza uye dzinoruramisa hukama huripo hwekugadzira.
Pfungwa ne "Kuziva Kwenhema"
ChiMarxism chinowanzobatanidzwa nepfungwa yekuziva kwenhema, mamiriro ezvinhu umo mapoka akadzvinyirirwa anoona chokwadi chemagariro evanhu kuburikidza negirazi rinobatsira boka rinotonga. Pfungwa iyi inobva papfungwa yekuti nzanga yekapitalisti inogadzira maonero enyika anovhara kushandiswa zvisina kunaka nekusarongeka, zvichiita kuti kusaruramisira kuite se "kwakajairika," "kwechisikigo," kana "sezvazvinofanira kunge zviri."
Semuenzaniso, pfungwa yekuti urombo hunokonzerwa neusimbe hwemunhu, kana kuti pfuma inogara iri mugumisiro wekushanda nesimba kwemunhu, mienzaniso yenyaya dzepfungwa dzinogona kuvharira chokwadi chehurongwa: mukana wekusaenzana wekudzidza, mihoro yakadzvinyirirwa, hukama hwevashandi hunoshandiswa zvisina kunaka, uye nhaka yemasocial network asina kuenzana. Nekupa mhosva vanhu, masisitimu emagariro evanhu anokonzera kusaenzana haapokanwe.
"Mazano Ane Simba Mazano Ekirasi Ane Simba"
Mubhuku rinonzi The German Ideology, Marx naEngels vakataura kuti “pfungwa dzinotonga dzezera rega rega ipfungwa dzeboka rinotonga.” Izvi zvinosimbisa kuti kutonga kweboka hakungoitiki chete kuburikidza nekudzora hupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika, asiwo kuburikidza nekugadzira nekuparadzira pfungwa. Boka rinotonga nzira dzekugadzira zvinhu rinowanzo dzorawo nzira dzekugadzira pfungwa: masangano edzidzo, kuburitsa mabhuku, midhiya, uye marudzi akasiyana-siyana esimba retsika.
Saka, pfungwa huru dzinowanzoonekwa se "pfungwa dzakajairika." Dzinozviratidza mumaitiro ezuva nezuva ekufunga: zvinoonekwa sezvakanaka pabasa, maonero anoita nzanga kubudirira, kurangwa nemutemo zvinonzwisiswa sei, uye kuti hukama hwepabonde nehwemhuri hunoonekwa sei se "hwechisikigo." Pfungwa dzinoshanda zvakanyanya kana dzichionekwa kwete sepfungwa asi sechokwadi pachacho.
Pfungwa seKuve pamutemo uye Kubatanidzwa
Kune Marxism, rimwe remabasa akakosha epfungwa nderokuti pamutemo: kururamisa kusaenzana uye kutonga. Semuenzaniso, mu capitalism, hukama hwevashandi hwemihoro hunowanzoonekwa sezvibvumirano zvemahara pakati pevanhu. Vashandi vanoonekwa se "vanosarudza" kutengesa basa ravo, nepo varidzi vemari "vane kodzero" yekuwana purofiti nekupa mari nenjodzi. Maonero aya anogona kuvharidzira chokwadi chekuti vanhu vazhinji havana sarudzo chaiyo kunze kwekushandira mihoro, uye kuti purofiti inowanzobva muhuwandu hwemari inoburitswa nevashandi asi vasingabhadharwe zvizere semihoro.
Kupfuura kutenderwa, pfungwa dzinoshandawo sechishandiso chekubatanidza vanhu munharaunda—kuchengetedza kugadzikana munharaunda. Nhau dzekubatana kwenyika, kodzero dzevanhu, kana kuti "munhu wese ane mukana wakaenzana" dzinogona kudzikamisa kusawirirana kwevanhu vemapoka nekushandisa kusagutsikana nenzira dzisingakanganisi mamiriro evaridzi. Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, pfungwa dzinogonawo kuputsa kubatana kwevashandi kuburikidza nekunyanya kusimbisa humwe hunhu, hwakadai serudzi kana chitendero, zvichivharira kusawirirana kwehupfumi.
Althusser: Pfungwa neChishandiso cheHurumende cheIdeological
Mufungi weMarxist wemuzana remakore rechi20, Louis Althusser, akagadzira ongororo yakarongeka yepfungwa. Akasiyanisa pakati pemidziyo yehurumende inodzvinyirira (mapurisa, mauto, matare), inoshanda zvikuru kuburikidza nechisimba kana kutyisidzira kwemhirizhonga, uye michina yehurumende inotevedzera pfungwa (ISAs), yakaita sezvikoro, mhuri, vezvenhau, zvitendero, nemasangano etsika, ayo anoshanda zvikuru kuburikidza nekuumbwa kweruzivo.
Mukuona kwaAlthusser, zvikoro chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvikuru mumagariro evanhu vemazuva ano nekuti zvinoumba chirango, kuteerera, uye mafungiro anoenderana nezvinodiwa zvekugadzirwa kwemari: kukoshesa makwikwi, kugamuchira hutongi, uye kuzvitonga zvichibva pakubudirira kwemunhu. Pfungwa, kuna Althusser, haisi "nhema" inongoparadzirwa nevanhu vepamusoro, asi chimwe chinhu chinoonekwa nezvinhu kuburikidza netsika dzezuva nezuva, tsika, uye masangano.
Gramsci: Hutongi uye "Kufunga Kwakajairika"
Antonio Gramsci akakurudzira pfungwa yekutonga kuti atsanangure kuti sei boka rinotonga richigona kuchengetedza simba kwete nekumanikidzwa chete asiwo nekubvumirana. Kutonga imamiriro ezvinhu apo tsika dzeboka rinotonga dzinogamuchirwa zvakanyanya setsika dzakajairika munharaunda. Izvi zvinoitika kuburikidza nekurwira mutsika: midhiya, dzidzo, chitendero, masangano emunharaunda, uye mutauro wezvematongerwo enyika.
Gramsci akasimbisawo kuti pfungwa huru hadzisi nguva dzose dzakafanana kana kuti dzakachena. Dzinowanzoonekwa semusanganiswa wechisikigo wezvitendero, tsika, tsika, uye "pfungwa dzakajairika" dzezuva nezuva. Nokudaro, kurwira kwezvematongerwo enyika hakusi kungotora hurumende chete, asiwo kuvaka kutonga: kugadzira mazano nemaitiro akasiyana anogona kukurudzira mapoka epasi kuti anzwisise chinzvimbo chavo uye kuti vaite pamwe chete.
Pfungwa uye Zvigadzirwa: Fetishism muCapitalism
Mupiro wakakosha waMarx muDas Kapital waive ongororo yake yehunhu hwezvinhu zvinotengeswa. Mumusika wehupfumi, hukama hwevanhu pakati pevanhu (semuenzaniso, pakati pevashandi nevanotenga zvinhu) hunoonekwa sekunge hukama huripo pakati pezvinhu (mitengo, zvinhu, mari). Kukosha kwebasa kuri muzvinhu zvinotengeswa kwakavanzika, uye zvinhu zvinotengeswa zvinoita sekunge zvine "kukosha" kwazviri.
Pano, pfungwa dzinoshanda kuburikidza nemhando dzezvehupfumi dzezuva nezuva: mihoro, mitengo, purofiti, uye kuchinjana. Vanhu vanoona kutengeserana sekutsinhana kwakaenzana, asi kugadzirwa kwavo kunosanganisira kusaenzana kwemasimba. Kufembera kwezvinhu kunoratidza kuti pfungwa dziripo kwete chete padanho remashoko kana propaganda, asi dzakadzika mukati mekuti hupfumi hwekapitalisti hunoshanda sei uye hunonzwisiswa sei.
Pfungwa Dzinogara Dzisina Kunaka Here?
MuMarxism yekare, dzidziso dzechinyakare dzaiwanzopiwa chirevo chisina kunaka nekuti dzaibatanidzwa nekuvharidzira chokwadi uye kuita kuti kutonga kuve kwepamutemo. Zvisinei, kukura kwedzidziso dzechiMarx kwakaratidza kuti dzidziso dzechinyakare dzinogonawo kuva nzvimbo yekurwira. Dzidziso dzechinyakare dzinogona kushandiswa kuvaka pfungwa dzekirasi, kufumura kushandiswa kwevanhu, uye kugadzira mapurojekiti ekusunungurwa. Munyaya iyi, dzidziso dzechinyakare hadzisi kungofungidzira chete, asiwo hwaro hwekubatana uye kutungamirirwa kwezvematongerwo enyika.
Kunyange zvakadaro, huMarxism huchiri kusimbisa kukosha kwekuongorora pfungwa: kuburitsa pachena kuti dzimwe pfungwa dzinobuda sei mumamiriro ezvinhu epasi uye zvido zvekirasi, uye kuti dzinoshanda sei mumasangano netsika dzemagariro evanhu.
Penutup
Dzidziso yeMarxist yepfungwa inopa nzira yekuverenga nzanga ine pfungwa dzine chekuita nekugadzirwa kwezvinhu uye simba remapoka. Pfungwa haisi kungofunga chete, asi chishandiso chemagariro evanhu chinogona kusimbisa kutonga, kugadzikana, uye kuumba "pfungwa dzakajairika." Kuburikidza nepfungwa dzehwaro-superstructure, pfungwa dzenhema, fetishism yezvinhu, chishandiso chehurumende yepfungwa, uye hutongi, Marxism inoratidza kuti kurwira kwezvematongerwo enyika nguva dzose kurwira zvinoreva panguva imwe chete. Naizvozvo, kunzwisisa pfungwa kubva pamaonero eMarxist zvinoreva kuziva kuti kushandura nzanga, hazvina kukwana kutsoropodza marongero kana vanhu; zvakakoshawo kubvisa nekupikisa marongerwo ezvinhu nenhoroondo zvinoita kuti zviite sezvechisikigo uye zvisingadzivisiki.
