Uzivi hwetsika hwaImmanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) mumwe wevanhu vane simba guru munhoroondo yeuzivi hwemazuva ano, kunyanya nekuda kwekuedza kwake kugadzira hwaro hwepasi rose uye hune musoro hwetsika. Kusiyana nenzira dzetsika dzinovimba netsika, chitendero, kana mhedzisiro yezviito, Kant aidavira kuti chiyero chakasimba chetsika chinofanira kuva nepfungwa uye chinoshanda kune wese munhu, kwese kwese. Uzivi hwetsika hwaKant hunowanzonzi tsika dze deontological—tsika dzinosimbisa basa nenheyo, pane mhedzisiro.
Nhoroondo: Sei Kant akatsvaga hwaro hwetsika hwevanhu vose?
Kant akararama panguva yeEuropean Enlightenment, apo kunzwisisa nesainzi zvaibudirira. Zvisinei, izvi zvakamutsawo mubvunzo uyu: kana vanhu vainyanya kufunga zvakadzama uye vasingachavimbi zvachose nemasimba echinyakare, chii chaive hwaro husingachinji hwetsika? Kant akaona kuti mitemo yetsika yakavakirwa pamanzwiro, tsika dzevanhu, kana zvakanakira zvinoshanda yaiwanzova ine mwero uye yairuramiswa zviri nyore zvichienderana nezvido. Aida kuwana misimboti yetsika yaidiwa, kureva kuti, inoshanda pasinei nemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo, tsika, kana migumisiro.
"Chido chakanaka" senzvimbo yetsika dzakanaka
Mubhuku rake rinonzi Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785), Kant akataura nemukurumbira kuti: “Hapana chinogona kunzi chakanaka pasina miganhu kunze kwekuda kwakanaka.” Ushingi, njere, uye kutsungirira zvinogona kushandiswa pazvinangwa zvakaipa; kunyange mufaro unogona kuita kuti munhu ave neudyire kana usingafambidzani nehunhu hwakanaka. Asi kuda kwakanaka—chinangwa chekuita zvakanaka nekuti kwakarurama—kunonzi kwakanaka pachako.
Pano musiyano wakakosha unobuda: tsika, kuna Kant, hadzina kutariswa zvakanyanya ne "zvinoitika mushure mezvo," asi nezvinangwa nemisimboti iri muzviito. Munhu anogona kubatsira vamwe uye kuita zvakanaka, asi kana chinangwa chake chiri chekungotsvaga rumbidzo kana kuwana pundutso, chiito ichocho hachina kukosha kwakafanana nechiito chakaitwa pasina basa.
Pfungwa yekusungirwa uye chiito chetsika
Kant anosiyanisa pakati pezviito "zvinoenderana nechisungo" nezviito "zvisiri zvechisungo."
1. Zvichienderana nebasa: munhu anoita chinhu chakanaka, asi chinangwa chake chinokonzerwa nezvimwe zvinhu—semuenzaniso, kutya kurangwa, kuda kurumbidzwa, kana kutsvaga purofiti.
2. Kubva pakusungirwa: munhu anoita chinhu chakanaka nekuti anoremekedza mutemo wetsika.
Muenzaniso wakapfava: mutengesi akatendeseka zvine mwero. Kana akatendeseka nekuti anoda kuti vatengi vadzoke (kuti vawane purofiti), ari kungoita "zvinoenderana nebasa rake." Asi kana akatendeseka nekuti anoona kutendeseka sebasa retsika rinofanira kuzadzikiswa, kunyangwe zvichireva kukuvadzwa, saka ari kuita "zvisina basa." Kukosha kwechokwadi kwetsika kuri murudzi rwechipiri.
Zvinodiwa: murairo wekufunga
Kuti atsanangure mashandiro anoita basa, Kant akaunza pfungwa yechirevo chinorayira, chinova murairo kana chinodiwa chinoratidzwa nechikonzero.
Zvinotarisirwa kufungidzira
Imwe pfungwa yekufungidzira ndeyekuti: “Kana uchida X, ita Y.” Semuenzaniso: “Kana uchida kuva neutano hwakanaka, rovedza muviri.” Izvi zvinoenderana nezvinangwa zvako uye zvine chekuita nezvinodiwa.
Zvinodiwa zveboka
Kusiyana neizvi, chirevo chemutemo chinoshanda pasina miganhu, chisingatsamiri pane chero chishuwo kana chinangwa. Zvinonzwika sekuti: “Ita izvi, nekuti zvinosungirwa.” Ichi ndicho chinangwa chikuru chetsika dzaKant: tsika hadzisi dzekutsvaga nzira dzekuzadzisa zvinangwa, asi dzekuteerera mitemo yakagadzwa nepfungwa pasi rose.
Mafomu Ekushandisa Zvinodiwa muCategorical
Kant anopa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzechirevo chepfungwa chinotsanangura pfungwa imwe chete kubva pamativi akasiyana. Dzitatu dzakakurumbira ndedzinoti:
1. Kuumbwa kweMutemo Wepasi Pose
"Ita zvinoenderana nemirairo iyoyo yaunogona panguva imwe chete kuti ive mitemo yepasi rose."
Chirevo ipfungwa inongoerekana yaitika, semuenzaniso: "Ndichareva nhema kuti ndibude mumatambudziko." Kant akaedza izvi: dai munhu wese akatevera pfungwa iyoyo, nyika yaizoramba iine musoro here? Dai kureva nhema kwakaitwa mutemo wepasi rose, kuvimbana pakati pevanhu kwaizopera uye pfungwa yekuti "vimbiso" yaizorasikirwa nerevo yayo. Nokudaro, chirevo chekureva nhema hachisi mutemo wepasi rose uye chinoonekwa sechisina kunaka.
2. Kuumbwa kweHunhu seChinangwa
"Ita nenzira yekuti unobata vanhu, mauri uye mune vamwe, nguva dzose semugumo kwete senzira yekungovabatsira."
Vanhu vane chiremera nekuda kwesimba ravo rekufunga uye kuzvitonga. Saka, kushandisa vamwe zvisina kunaka—semuenzaniso, nekuvanyengedza, kuvanyengedza, kana kuvamanikidza—hazvina kunaka mutsika, nekuti tiri kuvashandura kuita zvishandiso chete. Chirevo ichi chave nepesvedzero huru muhurukuro dzemazuva ano dzekodzero dzevanhu, tsika dzekurapa, uye tsika dzezvematongerwo enyika.
3. Kuumbwa kweUmambo hweChinangwa
Kant akafungidzira nzanga yakanaka inonzi "umambo hwemagumo": kurongeka uko munhu wese anoita zvinoenderana nemutemo wetsika uye anoremekedza chiremera chevamwe. Mu "umambo" uhwu, vanhu havasi zvinhu zvekushungurudzwa, asi vanhu vanobatsira mukuumbwa kwemitemo yetsika kuburikidza nekufunga.
Kuzvitonga kwetsika: mitemo yatinoisa patiri
Imwe yepfungwa dzaKant dzakachinja zvikuru yaive kuzvitonga: vanhu, sevanhu vane pfungwa dzakapinza, vanokwanisa kugadzira mitemo yavo. Zvisinei, izvi hazvirevi "rusununguko rwekuita chero chinhu." Kuzvitonga kwaKant hakusi rusununguko rwekutevera zvido zvemunhu, asi rusununguko rwekuzviisa pasi pemutemo wetsika unozivikanwa nekufunga sewechokwadi.
Zvakasiyana neizvi itsika dzakasiyana-siyana, uko kunoitika kana munhu achiita zvinhu zvichibva pamanzwiro ekunze: chishuwo, kumanikidzwa nevanhu, kutyisidzira, kukwezva mibairo, kana kungova tsika isina kufungwa. Tsika dzechokwadi dzinomuka kana vanhu vachiita zvinhu vakasununguka kubva mukudzorwa nemanzwiro aya uye kusarudza zvichibva pamisimboti ine musoro.
Sei migumisiro isiriyo nzira huru yekuyedza nayo?
Kant anowanzosiyaniswa ne utilitarianism, iyo inotonga tsika nezvakanaka zvikuru kana mufaro. Kuna Kant, migumisiro inokosha mumamiriro ezvinhu anoshanda, asi haigone kuva hwaro hwetsika, nekuti:
1. Migumisiro yacho kazhinji haisi pasi pesimba redu zvachose.
2. Kutonga zviito nemhedzisiro yazvo chete kunogona kururamisa kutyorwa kwehunhu hwevanhu (semuenzaniso, "kupa munhu mumwe chete sechibayiro nekuda kwevazhinji").
3. Nheyo dzetsika dzichachinja zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, nokudaro dzichirasikirwa nekuzivikanwa kwadzo.
Saka Kant akasimbisa kuenderana kwenheyo iyi: chiito chetsika chiito chinogona kururamiswa semutemo wepasi rose uye chinoremekedza vanhu semugumo.
Kutsoropodzwa uye kukosha
Tsika dzaKant dzinowanzo tsoropodzwa nekuda kwekuoma kwadzo. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, akadai sekureva nhema kuti uponese hupenyu, musimboti wekuti "usanyepe" unoita seunopesana nepfungwa dzevanhu vazhinji dzetsika. Uyezve, kushandisa mutemo wekuti "usanyepe" kunogona kuoma kana mitemo yezviito yakarongwa zvakanyanya kana zvakananga. Kant anoonekwawo seasina nzvimbo yakakwana yebasa remanzwiro nehukama hwevanhu muhupenyu hwetsika.
Kunyange zvakadaro, mipiro yaKant ichiri yakakura. Kusimbisa kwake kukudzwa kwevanhu, kuzvitonga, uye kupararira kwenheyo kwave hwaro hwakakosha hwepfungwa dzemazuva ano dzetsika: kubva padzidziso yekodzero nepfungwa yekusungirwa kwehunyanzvi kusvika kunheyo yekubvumirana mutsika dzekurapa. Munyika ine tsika dzakasiyana-siyana, Kant anopa nzira yekukurukura tsika nenzira ine musoro inogona kuyedzwa nenharo.
Penutup
Pfungwa dzetsika dzaImmanuel Kant kuedza kusimbisa tsika dzakanaka pahwaro hwakasimba: kufunga kwevanhu. Nekuisa chido chakanaka, basa, uye chinodiwa pakati petsika, Kant akaramba maonero ekuti tsika dzakanaka ingori nyaya yemanzwiro kana zvinangwa. Akakumbira kuti vanhu vaite zvinhu zvichibva pamisimboti inogona kutorwa semitemo yepasi rose uye nguva dzose vabate vamwe sezvinangwa, kwete nzira. Kunyangwe zvichiwanzokurukurwa, tsika dzaKant dzinoramba dzichirarama sembiru huru mukunzwisisa zvinorehwa nekuita zvakanaka, zvine mutoro, uye kuremekedza chiremera chevamwe.
