Kutsoropodzwa kweUtilitarian Ethics
Tsika dzeUtilitarian ndeimwe yedzidziso dzetsika dzine simba guru muhuzivi hwetsika hwemazuva ano. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, utilitarianism inotonga kururama kana kusakarurama kwezviito zvichibva pamigumisiro yazvo: chiito chine tsika kana chikaburitsa zvakanaka kana mufaro mukuru kune vanhu vazhinji. Nheyo iyi inowanzopfupikiswa nemutsara unoti "mufaro mukuru kune vanhu vazhinji." Vanhu vakakosha vakaita saJeremy Bentham naJohn Stuart Mill vakagadzira utilitarianism senzira ine musoro yekuongorora mutemo weveruzhinji, mutemo, uye sarudzo dzemunhu. Zvisinei, pasinei nekushanda kwayo uye humanism, utilitarianism inotarisana nekutsoropodzwa kwakakomba. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura kushoropodzwa kukuru kwetsika dzeutilitarian, kunyanya maererano nekodzero dzemunhu, kururamisira, kuyerwa kwemufaro, uye njodzi yekushungurudzwa mutsika dzezvemagariro evanhu.
1. Matambudziko eKuzvipira Kwemunhu Mumwe Nemumwe uye Kutyorwa kweKodzero
Kutsoropodzwa kunonyanya kuzivikanwa kwehunhu hwekushandisa hunhu hwemunhu ndekwekuti kunogona kururamisa kuzvipira kwemunhu wega wega kuti ruzhinji rubatsire. Kana chiyero chetsika chiri chekubatsira chose, saka kodzero dzemunhu kana chiremerera chake zvinogona kuraswa chero bedzi mhedzisiro yacho "ichibatsira zvakanyanya" kune vanhu vazhinji. Muzviitiko zvakanyanya, hunhu hwekushandisa hunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu hwemunhu we ...
Kune vazhinji vanofunga, pfungwa dzedu dzetsika dzinoramba pfungwa yekuti vanhu vanofanira kubatwa senzira yekubatsira vanhu. Kutsoropodza uku kunoenderana netsika dze deontological (semuenzaniso, dzaKant), dzinosimbisa kuti vanhu vanofanira kubatwa senzira dzekubatsira ivo pachavo, kwete nzira dzekubatsira chete. Utilitarianism, muchimiro chayo chakasimba, inoita seine njodzi nekuti haioni zvirambidzo zvetsika zvisingafanirwe kutyorwa, zvakaita sekurambidzwa kushungurudza kana kuchera vanhu vasina mhosva.
2. Kururamisira uye Kugoverwa Kwezvipo
Utilitarianism yakatsoropodzwawo nekuda kwekusateerera kwayo kururamisiro inogovera. Inoongorora mufaro wakazara, kana kuti kushanda, asi haigari ichitarisa kuti mufaro iwoyo unogoverwa sei. Mitemo miviri inogadzira mufaro wakazara yakafanana inoonekwa seyakaenzana, kunyangwe imwe yacho inogona kukonzera kusawirirana kwakanyanya: vanhu vashoma vanobatsirwa zvikuru, nepo vamwe vachiwana zvishoma kana kutokuvadzwa.
Kubva pamaonero eruramisiro, kusaenzana hakusi nyaya ye "godo," asi kune chekuita nemikana yekurarama, kodzero dzevanhu, uye kubatwa zvakanaka. Vatsoropodzi vakaita saJohn Rawls vanoramba utilitarianism nekuti vanotenda kuti inofuratira "kuparadzaniswa kwevanhu" - kusiyana uye miganhu yetsika yemunhu wega wega. Mukufunga kweutilitarian, kutambura kwevashoma kunogona "kudzimwa" nemufaro wevazhinji, sekunge vanhu vese iboka rimwe chete. Zvisinei, muchokwadi chetsika, kutambura kwemunhu mumwe chete kunoramba kuri kwechokwadi uye hazvingoitiki kuti zvive pamutemo nekuti vamwe vanofara.
3. Kuoma Kuyera Mufaro uye Kuenzanisa Zvishandiso
Utilitarianism inofunga kuti mufaro, mufaro, kana kuti zvinobatsira zvinogona kuyerwa uye kuenzaniswa. Bentham akatotaura nezve "hedonic calculus," sekunge tinogona kuverenga simba, nguva, uye chokwadi chemufaro kuti tione nzira yakanakisisa yekuita. Dambudziko nderekuti, ruzivo rwevanhu rwakaoma. Mufaro hausi nyore kuverengwa. Mufaro wekuverenga bhuku wakaenzana nemufaro wekudya chikafu chakanaka here? Kurwadziwa kwepfungwa kunofanira kuyerwa sei kana tichienzanisa nekurwadziwa kwemuviri? Mufaro wenguva pfupi unofanira kuyerwa sei kana tichienzanisa nekugutsikana kwenguva refu?
Uyezve, kuenzanisa mashandisirwo evanhu kunosangana nedambudziko guru: hatigoni kunyatsoziva zviri kuitika mukati mevamwe nemazvo. Kunyangwe kana ongororo dzemufaro dzichishandiswa, mhedzisiro yacho inokanganiswa netsika, nzira iyo vanhu vanobvunza mibvunzo, uye maitiro evanhu ekugadzirisa mhinduro dzavo. Kana zviyero zvisina kujeka, utilitarianism inogona kudzikira kuita sarudzo dzinobva pakufungidzira kana zvido zvevari kutonga.
4. Hunhu vs. Huzhinji Hukurukurirano yeMufaro
John Stuart Mill akaedza kuvandudza hunhu hwaBentham hwekushandisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana nekusiyanisa hunhu hwemafaro: kune mafaro "akakwirira" (epfungwa, etsika) uye mafaro "akaderera" (emuviri, ezvisikwa). Zvisinei, kuvandudzika uku kwakakonzera kushoropodzwa kutsva. Kunyange zvazvo hunhu hwekushandisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana pakutanga hwaida kuva hwakajeka uye hunoyerwa, kuiswa kwe "hunhu" kwakaita kuti zvive nyore kuyera. Ndiani anofanira kusarudza kuti mufaro upi wakakwira? Kutonga kwakadaro kungaratidza rusaruro rwekirasi, dzidzo, kana tsika here?
Vatsoropodzi vanoti shanduro yaMill ye utilitarianism inogona kuva yepamusoro-soro: mamwe mafaro anoonekwa seanokosha zvikuru nekuti anoenderana nezvinodiwa nemapoka akati. Kune rumwe rutivi, kana tikadzokera kuhuwandu hwakakwana, utilitarianism inowanzoita kuti hupenyu hwevanhu huve hwakaunganidzwa hwemafaro, sekunge kukosha kwehupenyu kunogona kutsanangurwa zvizere nemanzwiro.
5. Kusateerera Zvinangwa, Hunhu, uye Hukama Hwetsika
Utilitarianism inotarisa pamigumisiro yezviito, kwete zvinangwa zvemutambi kana kukura kwehunhu. Asi, mutsika dzakawanda dzetsika, zvinangwa nehunhu zvinhu zvikuru zvetsika. Mumwe munhu anobatsira vamwe kuti varumbidzwe anogona kuwana mabhenefiti, asi njere dzedu dzinotiudza kuti pane chimwe chinhu chisina kunaka nezvechiito ichocho. Hunhu hwakanaka hunoongorora hunhu kuburikidza nekukura kwehunhu hwakanaka hwakadai sekururamisira, ushingi, uye huchenjeri, kwete kungoguma kwahwo.
Uyezve, utilitarianism inowanzoonekwa seisingakoshese hukama hwakakosha. Muhupenyu chaihwo, tinonzwa tine mutoro mukuru kumhuri, shamwari, kana dzimwe nharaunda. Utilitarianism yakasimba inogona kuda kusapindira zvachose: mari yakagadzirirwa kubatsira mwana wako inogona "kupihwa" kune wausingazive kana pundutso yese yakakura. Chikumbiro ichi chinoonekwa sechinorema uye chisingaenderane nemaitiro evanhu vanogara muhukama hwemambure.
6. Utilitarianism uye Zvinodiwa Zvakawandisa zveTsika
Imwe tsumo ndeyekuti utilitarianism inogona kuva dzidziso inoda zvakawanda. Kana tichigara tichisungirwa kuwedzera mufaro wese, saka zviito zvakawanda zvezuva nezuva zvinogona kuonekwa sezvisina kunaka. Semuenzaniso, kutenga zvinhu zvisingakoshi kana kuenda kuzororo zvinogona kuonekwa sezvakaipa nekuti mari yacho inogona kushandiswa kuponesa hupenyu kuburikidza nerudo. Mukufunga kweutilitarian, tsika dzakanaka dzinova dzakakwirira zvakanyanya uye dzinogona kutungamira kune mhosva inogara iripo kana kuda kuzvipira kwakanyanya.
Kune vazhinji, dzidziso yakanaka yetsika inofanira kubvumira hupenyu hwemunhu, mapurojekiti emunhu, uye miganhu yemutoro wetsika. Kana utilitarianism ikabvisa izvi, zvinova zvisingaite uye zvakaoma kuzviita.
7. Njodzi Yekushandiswa Zvisina Kunaka Mumutemo Weveruzhinji
Munyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika, pfungwa yekuti "zvakanaka zvikuru" inowanzonzwika seine musoro, asi inogona kuva chishandiso chepamutemo chezviito zvekudzvinyirira. Hurumende kana mapoka ane simba anogona kutaura kuti kuzvipira kweboka kunodiwa kuti nyika igadzikane, kukura kwehupfumi, kana kuchengetedzeka. Kana "zvakanaka zvikuru" zvikatsanangurwa nevari musimba, utilitarianism inogona kukanganiswa kuti inyaradze kushoropodzwa, kuderedza kodzero dzevashoma, kana kururamisa kutariswa kwevanhu vazhinji.
Vatsoropodzi vanoyambira kuti mitemo yetsika inoda miganhu yakavakirwa pakodzero dzevanhu nemisimboti yeruramisiro yemaitiro. Pasina nhungamiro idzi, kuverenga kwezvishandiso kunogona kururamisa nzira idzi nekuda kwemhedzisiro yakanaka.
Mhedziso
Utilitarianism inopa nzira iri nyore, inoshanda, uye inotarisa kugarika kwevanhu yekufunga nezvetsika. Munzvimbo dzakawanda—dzakadai sekuisa zvinhu zvakakosha pahutano hweveruzhinji kana kuongorora mitemo yemagariro evanhu—nzira yekushandisa inobatsira pakufunga nezvemhedzisiro yakakura. Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vakasiyana-siyana vanotaura nezvekusasimba kwayo kukuru: utilitarianism inogona kusiya kodzero dzemunhu, kuregeredza kururamisira kwekugovera, kuita kuti zviome kuyera mufaro, kusanyanya kutarisisa zvinangwa nehunhu, uye zvingangoda zvibayiro zvisingaite. Nokudaro, vazivi vazhinji vanoti utilitarianism inofanirwa kuganhurirwa kana kubatanidzwa nedzimwe dzidziso dzakadai sekodzero dzevanhu, misimboti yeruramisiro, uye tsika dzakanaka. Saka, kufunga nezvemigumisiro kunoramba kuri kwakakosha, asi haisi iyo yega nzira yetsika muhupenyu hwevanhu hwakaoma.
