Zvinoreva Nihilism Sekureva kwaNietzsche
Kusatenda mune chimwe chinhu ndechimwe chezvinonyanya kuzivikanwa muhuzivi hwaFriedrich Nietzsche. Zvisinei, izwi iri rinowanzo nzwisiswa zvisirizvo sekuti "kusatenda mune chimwe chinhu," "hupenyu hauna chinhu," kana "chero chinhu chinobvumirwa nekuti hapana tsika." Kuna Nietzsche, kusatenda mune chimwe chinhu hakusi kungofungidzira kuti munhu haana tariro, asi chiitiko chakakura mutsika dzekuMadokero: mamiriro enhoroondo umo tsika dzakakwirira dzakagara dzichitsigira zvinoreva hupenyu dzinorasikirwa nesimba radzo rinosunga. Saka, kusatenda mune chimwe chinhu idambudziko rezvinoreva—kwete dambudziko remanzwiro chete.
Mudzi weDambudziko: "Rufu rwaMwari" uye Kuparara kweZvinhu Zvikuru
Kuti tinzwisise pfungwa yaNietzsche yekuti Mwari haana chitendero, tinofanira kunzwisisa chirevo chake chakakurumbira: "Mwari afa." Uku hakusi kutaura kwakapfava kwechitendero kuti Mwari akafa zvechokwadi. Ipfungwa yetsika: zvitendero zvemetaphysical nechitendero izvo kwemazana emakore zvave zviri hwaro hwetsika, chinangwa, uye kurongeka kwenyika yekumadokero zviri kuramba zvichiwedzera kusagutsikana. Sainzi yemazuva ano, kutsoropodzwa kwenhoroondo, shanduko munharaunda, uye kufambira mberi kwekunzwisisa kwaita kuti vanhu vazhinji vasatende zvechokwadi munheyo dzekare.
Kana "Mwari" sechiratidzo chikuru chezvinoreva achidonha, tsika dzinoenderana nazvo dzinoperawo: pfungwa yechokwadi chakazara, tsika dzepasi rose, chinangwa muhupenyu chakagadzwa kubva "kumusoro," uye vimbiso yekuti kutambura kune zvakunoreva zvinopfuura mwero. Kuna Nietzsche, iyi ndiyo nzira yekusatenda muna Mwari: tichiri kurarama netsika dzekare, asi nheyo dzaimbodzitsigira dzave dzisina kusimba. Nekuda kweizvozvo, vanhu vemazuva ano vanozviwana vari mumamiriro ezvinhu e "pakati": havachatendi zvizere mutsika dzekare, asi vasati vakwanisa kugadzira itsva.
Kusatenda sechiratidzo: Kurasikirwa ne "Chikonzero" cheHupenyu
Nietzsche aiona kusatenda muchitendero semamiriro ezvinhu apo vanhu vanorasikirwa nemhinduro yemubvunzo wekuti "chii chiri kukonzera izvi?" Akanyora kuti kusatenda muchitendero muchitendero kunoitika kana "tsika dzepamusoro-soro dzichirasikirwa nekukosha kwadzo." Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvinhu zvaimboonekwa sezvinokosha zvikuru—chokwadi, runako, ruponeso, chinangwa chetsika—hazvichapi simba rekurarama. Vanhu vanoramba vachirarama mararamiro avo, vachitsvaga basa, chinzvimbo, varaidzo, uye kunyange tsika dzenzanga, asi vasina chivimbo chakadzama chekuti zvinhu izvi zvine kukosha zvechokwadi.
Apa ndipo panobva kusatenda kuti zvinhu zvose hazvina maturo, asi chiitiko chaicho: kunzwa kusina maturo, kufinhwa, kusatenda, kana kunzwa kuti zvese zvaitwa hazvina zvazvinoreva. Asi Nietzsche haagumiri papfungwa. Anosimbisa chikamu chetsika: kusatenda kuti zvinhu zvose hazvina maturo kunogona kuzviratidza muunyanzvi, zvematongerwo enyika, sainzi, uye maonero anoita nzanga vanhu. Semuenzaniso, kana hupenyu hwaderedzwa kuita nzira dzehupenyu, kana tsika padzinoshanduka kuita mitemo isina maturo, isina mweya, tinoona zviratidzo zvekusatenda kuti zvinhu zvose hazvina maturo.
Kusava netsika dzekuita zvinhu zvisina basa uye Kusava netsika dzekuita zvinhu zvisina basa
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvakapihwa naNietzsche kwaive kusiyanisa maitiro maviri ekusava nepfungwa dzakanaka: kusaita chinhu uye kushingaira.
Kuramba zvinhu zvisina basa (passive nihilism) mafungiro ekurega basa. Kana tsika dzekare dzikaparara, munhu anowira mukuneta mumweya: "Hazvina basa," "Zvese zvakafanana," "Zviri nani kusatarisira." Kuramba zvinhu zvisina basa (passive nihilism) kunowanzo tsvaga nzira dzekutiza: nyaradzo, varaidzo, kana tsika dzakareruka, dzinonyaradza. Kunenge kuri pedyo nekuneta, kusava nehanya, uye chishuwo chekuderedza simba rehupenyu. Muchimiro chayo chakanyanya, kuramba zvinhu zvisina basa (passive nihilism) kunogona kusvika pachishuwo cheku "nyangarika" kubva muhondo yehupenyu.
Kuramba kushanda nesimba, kune rumwe rutivi, isimba rinoparadza rinovhurawo mikana mitsva. Rinoziva kuti tsika dzekare hadzisisina kukwana uye nemaune "rinoputsa" fungidziro dzinoonekwa sedzitsvene. Kuramba kushanda nesimba hakusi kungovenga hupenyu chete, asi muedzo, dambudziko, uye kunyange "kuparadza" tsika kuitira kuti vanhu vagone kuvaka patsva. Mupfungwa iyi, kuramba kushanda nesimba inhanho yekuchinja: mamiriro ane njodzi, asi anodiwawo pakuvandudzwa.
Zvisinei, zvakakosha kucherechedza: Nietzsche haana kurumbidza dzidziso yekuti hapana chitendero. Akaiona sedambudziko guru rinofanira kukundwa, kwete mugumo waro pacharo.
Nei Tsika Dzechinyakare Dzichikonzera Kusatenda Mutsika Dzechinyakare?
Nietzsche akataura kuti dzidziso yeWestern nihilism yakatanga kare kare isati yasvika nguva yemazuva ano, kureva mutsika dzemetaphysics netsika dzinoisa "nyika yechokwadi" pamusoro pe "nyika ino." Masangano mazhinji ehuzivi nechitendero—mukuverenga kwaNietzsche—anodzidzisa kuti hupenyu hwezuva nezuva ingori mumvuri, bvunzo, kana chimwe chinhu chisina kunaka; zvinoreva zvechokwadi zviri kunze kwenyika: kudenga, pfungwa dzisingaperi, kana chokwadi chinopfuura mwero.
Kuna Nietzsche, mafungiro aya anobereka mbeu dzekusava nepfungwa dzakanaka nekuti dzinoderedza kukosha kwehupenyu hwekongiri. Kana vanhu vakadzidziswa kuti kukosha kwepamusoro-soro chinhu chiri kunze kwenyika, nyika ino inoonekwa seisina kukwana. Uye kana kutenda munyika inopfuura mwero kuchiparara, chinongosara "nyika ino"—asi isu tatodzidza kuideredza kukosha kwayo. Nekuda kweizvozvo, vanhu vanorasikirwa nehwaro hwayo hwezvinoreva: nyika inopfuura mwero inorasika, asi kugona kuda nyika ino kunodererawo. Ndokusaka kusada kwechokwadi kunogona kuva kwakadzama kudaro.
Nietzsche akatsoropodzawo tsika dzaaitenda kuti dzakabva mu "kuramba hupenyu," dzakadai setsika dzinokudza kushaya simba, mhosva, kana kuzviisa pasi zvakanyanya. Mukuona kwake, rudzi urwu rwetsika, kunyange rwuchiita se "rwakanaka," runogona kuparadza simba revanhu uye ushingi hwekusimbisa hupenyu.
Kukunda Nihilism: Kugadzira Tsika Itsva
Kana kusatenda kuti zvinhu zvose zvine chekuita nepfungwa dzisina kunaka kuri kuparara kwetsika, saka kutiza kubva mazviri hazvirevi kudzokera kuzvinhu zvekare zvisina maturo. Pane kudaro, Nietzsche anokurudzira vanhu kuti vagadzire tsika itsva—tsika dzisingatsamiri panyika inopfuura dzimwe asi dzinobva mukusimbiswa kwehupenyu pachahwo.
Pano dingindira guru raNietzsche rinobuda: Übermensch (rinowanzo shandurwa kuti "superman" kana "superman," kunyange hazvo shanduro iyi ichiwanzotsausa). Übermensch haisi munhu wengano ane simba remuviri chete, asi chiratidzo chevanhu vanokwanisa kukunda dambudziko rekusava nechitendero nekugadzira zvinoreva. Haamiriri mirairo yekunze—kubva kuna Mwari, tsika, kana hurongwa hwetsika husina kujeka—asi anotora mutoro wekuva "anopa kukosha."
Imwe pfungwa inokosha ndeyekuda simba. Uku hakusi kungoda kutonga vamwe chete, asi simba guru rehupenyu rekukura, kududzira, kuumba, uye kukunda zvipingamupinyi. Mukati mehurongwa uhwu, kupfuura kusatenda mune zvechitendero zvinoreva kubvumira simba rekusika rehupenyu kuti rishande: kugadzira, kuongorora, kuyedza, uye kuvaka mararamiro ane simba.
Muedzo Mukuru: Amor Fati uye "Eternity Returns"
Nietzsche akapawo nzira yakajeka yekuedza kuti munhu akunda sei kusatenda kwechokwadi: amor fati—rudo rwekufanorongerwa. Uku hakusi kurega, asi mafungiro ekusimbisa: kukwanisa kuti "hongu" kuhupenyu, kusanganisira kutambura, kukundikana, uye kusakwana, sechikamu chezvose zvatinosarudza kugamuchira.
Chine chekuita neizvi ipfungwa yekudzokazve kusingaperi: fungidzira hupenyu hwako, muzvinhu zvose zvahwo, huchifanira kudzokorora zvachose. Ungahushora here, kana kuti ungahugamuchira? Kuna Nietzsche, kugona kusimbisa hupenyu nenzira yakadaro ndiko kunopesana nesimba nechitendero chenhema. Kana dzidziso yenhema ichiti "hupenyu hahuna kukodzera kurarama," saka kusimbiswa kwaNietzsche kunoti "hupenyu hunokosha kurarama—kunyangwe huchifanira kudzokorora nekusingaperi."
Mhedziso
Sekureva kwaNietzsche, kusatenda muchitendero (nihilism) idambudziko retsika nerevo rinomuka kana hwaro hwepfungwa dzechitendero nedzechitendero dzarasikirwa nesimba radzo. Kusatenda muchitendero hakusi kungonzwa kusava nechinhu, asi chiitiko chakakura chetsika: "tsika dzakakwirira dzinorasikirwa nekukosha kwadzo." Nietzsche anosiyanisa pakati pekusatenda muchitendero kusina maturo, kusina maturo uye kusatenda muchitendero kunogona kushanda sebhiriji rekuvandudzwa. Anoona midzi yekusatenda muchitendero mutsika inoderedza kukosha kwenyika ino panzvimbo peimwe, zvekuti kana "imwe nyika" yaparara, nyika ino inonzwa isina chinhu.
Asi Nietzsche akanga asiri muporofita wekuora mwoyo. Aiva nyanzvi yekuongorora zvinhu uye aifunga zvakanyanya aitsvaga kusundidzira vanhu kupfuure kusatenda kwechokwadi. Nzira yekubuda nayo iri mukugadzirwa kwetsika itsva, kusimbiswa kwehupenyu, ushingi hwekutora mutoro wezvinoreva, uye kugona kutaura kuti "hongu" kuhupenyu—zvakazara. Mupfungwa iyoyo, kusatenda kwechokwadi kweNietzsche idutu rinotyisa, asiwo mukana: sezvo tsika dzekare dzichiparara, vanhu vanopikiswa kuti vave vagadziri, kwete vagari venhaka chete.
