Pfungwa yetsika maererano naAl-Farabi
Al-Farabi (akafa muna 950 CE) aive mumwe wevazivi vakuru vetsika dzechiIslam, anowanzo nzi "Mudzidzisi Wechipiri" mushure maAristotle. Zita iri rinoratidza pesvedzero huru yepfungwa dzechiGiriki—kunyanya pfungwa nepfungwa dzinoshanda—mumabasa ake. Zvisinei, Al-Farabi haana kungotevedzera Aristotle kana Plato; akadudzira nekugadzira pfungwa dzavo mukati mehurongwa hwakakodzera mamiriro epfungwa dzechiIslam. Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvepfungwa dzaAl-Farabi chaive tsika: mararamiro anofanira kuitwa nevanhu, chinangwa chehupenyu hwakanaka, uye hukama huripo pakati pehunhu hwemunhu nehurongwa hwemagariro evanhu nezvematongerwo enyika.
Nheyo dzetsika: Vanhu nechinangwa chehupenyu
Kuna Al-Farabi, tsika hadzigoni kuparadzaniswa nemibvunzo pamusoro pehunhu hwevanhu nechinangwa chavo chikuru. Vanhu vanonzwisiswa sevanhu vane pfungwa dzakanaka vane mukana wekusvika pakukwana. Kukwana uku kunonzwisiswa kwete sekugona kufunga chete, asiwo semamiriro emweya akasvika pakurongeka nekukura, zvichiita kuti ukwanise kusarudza nzira chaiyo yekuita. Nemamwe mashoko, tsika inzira yekuzadzisa kugona kwevanhu.
Maonero aAl-Farabi pamusoro pehupenyu hwevanhu mufaro (al-sa'adah). Mufaro pano hausi kungonzwa mufaro kana kugutsikana mupfungwa chete, asi mamiriro akakwana anowanikwa nemunhu kana achirarama maererano nepfungwa dzakanaka. Mufaro hauna zvikanganiso: kune mitemo yaunogona kutongwa nayo, kwete kungoda munhu chete. Saka, chiito chetsika hachisi nyaya yekuti "ndinoda chii," asi kuti chiito chinotungamira pakukwana uye mufaro wechokwadi here.
Basa reKufunga muTsika
Kufunga kunokosha zvikuru mutsika dzaAl-Farabi. Kunoshanda sechishandiso chekuziva zvakanaka nekusiyanisa zvakaipa. Pasina chikonzero, vanhu vaizotongwa nepfungwa dzakaipa dzakadai sekuchiva zvakanyanya, hasha dzisingadzorwi, kana kuda zvinhu zvinoparadza. Zvisinei, kufunga kunodawo kukura. Vanhu havangozviiti vakachenjera nekuti vane pfungwa; vanofanira kudzidza, kuita, uye kukudziridza tsika dzakanaka.
Pano, kuva pedyo kwaAl-Farabi netsika dzakanaka dzaAristotle kuri pachena. Al-Farabi aiona hunhu hwakanaka sepfungwa dzakagadzikana, zvichiita kuti munhu aite zvakanaka zviri nyore uye nguva dzose. Hunhu hwakanaka hausi kungoitwa zvakanaka nguva nenguva, asi hunhu hwakadzika midzi.
Hunhu hwakanaka seNzira Inoenda Kumufaro
Al-Farabi akatsanangura hunhu hwakanaka muzvikamu zvikuru zvakasiyana. Kazhinji, hunhu hwakanaka hunosanganisira pfungwa netsika.
1. Hunhu hwepfungwa hune chekuita nekukwanisa kufunga zvakanaka, kunzwisisa chokwadi, uye kuita sarudzo dzakanaka. Semuenzaniso, huchenjeri (hikmah) ndiyo nhanganyaya yehunhu hwepfungwa nekuti inotungamira vanhu kuti vaone chinangwa chehupenyu uye varonge zviito zvavo zvinoenderana.
2. Hunhu hwakanaka hune chekuita nekuzvidzora uye maitiro akanaka muhukama hwevanhu. Ushingi, kuzvidzora, kururamisira, uye rupo zvinogona kunzwisiswa sehunhu hwakanaka hunochengetedza kuenzana kwezvido zvemweya.
Hunhu hwakanaka hunowanikwa kuburikidza nedzidzo nemaitiro. Izvi zvakakosha: Tsika dzaAl-Farabi haisi dzidziso isina musoro, asi ipurojekiti yekukura kwevanhu. Munhu haangovi nekunzwisisa tsananguro yeruramisiro, asi nekuita zvinhu zvakarurama mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo.
Pfungwa ye "Nzira Yepakati" uye Kuenzana Kwemweya
Mupfungwa yetsika dzeAristotle, Al-Farabi aiona hunhu hwakanaka se "nzvimbo yepakati" pakati pezvinhu zviviri zvakanyanyisa: kuwandisa nekushaikwa. Semuenzaniso, ushingi huri pakati pekusangwarira nehumbwende. Rupo rwuri pakati pekupambadza nekunyima. Saka, chiito chetsika chinoenderana, chiri mumamiriro ezvinhu, uye chinoenderana nekufunga.
Asi "pakati" hazvirevi kubvumirana pakati nepakati kana kusina hunhu. Nzira yepakati inoda kunzwisisa tsika uye chikonzero chinoshanda: munhu anofanira kuyera mamiriro ezvinhu, zvazvinoreva, uye zvinangwa zvinofanirwa kuzadzikiswa. Kuenzana uku kunoratidza mweya wakarongeka, uye mweya wakarongeka chinhu chinodiwa kuti munhu afare.
Tsika Nezvematongerwo Enyika: Hunhu Hwakanaka Huri Munzanga
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinosiyanisa Al-Farabi hukama hwepedyo pakati petsika nezvematongerwo enyika. Aiona vanhu sevanhu vane magariro evanhu vasingakwanise kuwana kukwana vari vega. Mufaro, kunyange unowanikwa nevanhu, unoda nharaunda inotsigirana. Saka, tsika dzemunhu dzinofanira kunge dzakabatana nekurongeka kwenharaunda nehutungamiriri.
Mumabasa ake ezvematongerwo enyika, Al-Farabi akaburitsa pfungwa ye al-madinah al-fadilah (Guta Guru kana Nyika Huru), kureva nzanga yakanaka ine chinangwa chevanhu vayo pamwe chete. Nyika kana guta rakanaka harisi iro rakasimba mune zvehupfumi kana zvehondo chete, asi iro rinokwanisa kudzidzisa vagari varo kune hunhu hwakanaka. Apa ndipo panova netsika dzakanaka: nharaunda inovakwa kuitira kuti tsika dzakanaka dzive tsika, kwete mazano etsika chete.
Kusiyana neizvi, Al-Farabi akakurukurawo nezvemarudzi akasiyana-siyana evanhu—vanhu vanotevera zvinangwa zvisina kunaka zvakaita sepfuma chete, rukudzo rusina maturo, kana mafaro emuviri. Munharaunda dzakadaro, hunhu hwakanaka hwakaoma kukudziridza nekuti chimiro chemagariro evanhu chinokurudzira maitiro akaipa.
Mutungamiriri Akanaka uye Dzidzo Yetsika
Al-Farabi akanyanya kusimbisa mutungamiri akakodzera. Mutungamiri haasi kungove mutungamiriri chete, asiwo mudzidzisi wetsika. Anofanira kuva neruzivo rwakanaka, hunyanzvi hunoshanda, uye hunhu hwakasimba. Mutungamiri akanaka anotungamira nzanga kuti ifare, kwete kungozadzisa zvido zveboka rakati.
Pano, Al-Farabi inobatanidza hutungamiriri nehuchenjeri: vatungamiriri vanofanirwa kunzwisisa chinangwa chehupenyu hwevanhu, kuziva maitiro ekugadzira tsika dzevagari vavo, uye kukwanisa kugadzira mitemo inosimudzira kururamisira. Dzidzo ndiyo chishandiso chikuru. Hunhu hahugone kusimbiswa chete nekurangwa; hunofanira kurovedzwa kuburikidza nekutungamira, muenzaniso, uye kugadzira tsika.
Hukama huripo pakati petsika, chitendero, neuzivi
Mutsika dzaAl-Farabi, uzivi nechitendero zvaisaonekwa sevavengi. Aiona zvose sezvinhu zvinotungamira kuchinangwa chimwe chete, icho chiri chokwadi nemufaro, kunyangwe achishandisa nzira dzakasiyana. Uzivi hunoshanda kuburikidza nekufunga kwakajeka, nepo chitendero chichiratidza chokwadi kuburikidza nezviratidzo, mutauro unonyengetedza, uye mitemo inoshanda inonzwisisika kune veruzhinji.
Kubva pamaonero etsika, chitendero chinoita basa guru mukutungamira nzanga kune zvakanaka, kunyanya kune avo vasina kunyanya kufarira uzivi. Tsika dzinodzidziswa nechitendero dzinogona kushanda se "bhiriji" rehunhu hwakanaka. Zvisinei, kuna Al-Farabi, kunzwisisa kukuru kunoramba kwakabatana nekuzadzikiswa kwekufunga neruzivo rwakadzama. Saka, tsika dzakanaka hadzisi kungoteerera kwekunze chete, asi inzira yemukati yekusvika pakukwana kwevanhu.
Kukosha kwetsika dzaAl-Farabi mumazuva ano
Pfungwa dzaAl-Farabi dzetsika dzinoramba dzichikosha kune mamiriro ezvinhu emazuva ano, kunyanya nekuti akasimbisa zvinhu zvitatu zvakakosha: (1) mufaro sechinangwa chehupenyu hune chinangwa, (2) kuumbwa kwehunhu kuburikidza netsika nedzidzo, uye (3) hukama hwepedyo pakati pehunhu hwetsika hwemunhu uye hunhu hwemasangano ezvematongerwo enyika.
Munharaunda inowanzo tonga kubudirira zvichibva pazvinhu zvenyama, mukurumbira, kana simba, Al-Farabi anotiyeuchidza kuti chinangwa chechokwadi chehupenyu mufaro unobva mukukwana uye hunhu hwakanaka. Anotikurudzirawo kuziva kuti tsika haisi nyaya yemunhu oga: nharaunda yemagariro evanhu, hurongwa hwedzidzo, uye hutungamiriri zvakakosha pakuona kana hunhu hwakanaka huchigona kubudirira.
Penutup
Pfungwa yaAl-Farabi yetsika dzakanaka inotangira papfungwa yekuti vanhu vanofanira kutungamira hupenyu hwavo kumufaro wechokwadi kuburikidza nekusimbiswa kwekufunga uye kukura kwetsika dzakanaka. Tsika dzakanaka haisi dzidziso yezvakanaka nezvakaipa chete, asi inzira yekuzvivandudza uye kukura munharaunda. Nekubatanidza tsika dzemunhu nehurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika, Al-Farabi inopa chiono chakazara chetsika dzakanaka: vanhu vakanaka vanoda nzanga yakanaka, uye nzanga yakanaka inogoneka chete kana ichitungamirirwa neuchenjeri uye ichitsigirwa nedzidzo inosimudzira hunhu hwakanaka. Pakupedzisira, tsika dzaAl-Farabi ipurojekiti yehunhu inoisa kukwana kwevanhu sechinangwa chepamusoro muhupenyu.
