Pfungwa yetsika muDeontological Ethics
Hunhu hwakanaka ndeimwe yenyaya dzakakosha muhuzivi hwetsika, sezvo iine chekuita nemubvunzo wekuti: chii chinoita kuti chiito chive chakanaka kana chakaipa? Imwe nzira ine simba guru yekupindura mubvunzo uyu ndeyehunhu hwe deontological. Kusiyana nenzira dzinoongorora hunhu hwakavakirwa pamigumisiro, hunhu hwe deontological hunosimbisa kuti hunhu hwakanaka hunonyanya kutsanangurwa nezvisungo, mitemo, uye zvinangwa zviri shure kwechiito. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura pfungwa yehunhu hwakanaka muhunhu hwe deontological, misimboti yahwo yekutanga, uye zvahunoreva kuhupenyu hwevanhu.
Kunzwisisa Tsika dzeDeontological
Izwi rekuti deontology rinobva pamashoko echiGiriki ekuti deon, zvinoreva "basa," uye logos, zvinoreva "sainzi" kana "kudzidza." Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, deontological ethics idzidziso yetsika inotaura kuti zviito zvinotongwa zvakanaka kana zvakaipa zvichibva pakutevedzera zvinodiwa netsika kana misimboti yetsika, kwete chete pamhedzisiro inowanikwa.
Mukati meiyi nzira, munhu anogona kuita chiito chakarurama mutsika kunyangwe chikaunza migumisiro isina kunaka. Kusiyana neizvi, munhu anogona kuita chiito chinoita sechinounza mabhenefiti akakosha asi achizotongwa asina kururama kana chikatyora mamwe mabasa etsika. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti, kune deontology, tsika hadzifanirwe kutsaurirwa kune chimwe chinangwa.
Tsika Sekuteerera Zvisungo
Pfungwa yetsika mutsika dze deontological ine hukama hwakasimba nepfungwa yekuti kune mitoro yetsika inosunga vanhu. Mitoro iyi haitsamiri pane zvaunofarira kana zvaunofarira, asi inoonekwa seine simba rekutonga: inofanira "kuteererwa".
Semuenzaniso, musimboti wekuti "usanyepe" unoonekwa semutoro wetsika. Kana munhu akataura chokwadi nekutya kurangwa kana kuti kuti ataridzike zvakanaka, chiito ichocho hachirevi kuti chine hunhu hwakanaka mupfungwa ye deontology. Hunhu hwakanaka hunomuka kana munhu akataura chokwadi nekuti anoziva kuti kutendeseka chisungo, kwete kungoronga kuwana purofiti.
Basa reChinangwa neChido muKutonga Kwetsika
Chimwe chezviratidzo zvetsika dze deontological ndiko kusimbisa kwayo chinangwa. Hunhu hunoyerwa kwete chete nezvinoitika mushure mekunge chiito chaitwa, asiwo nepfungwa yemukati yemutambi. Izvi zvinonyanya kuoneka mukufunga kwaImmanuel Kant, muzivi anowanzobatanidzwa netsika dze deontological.
Sekureva kwaKant, chiito chinoonekwa sechinoyera kana chikaitwa "nekuda kwebasa" (kubva kubasa), kwete "zvinoenderana nebasa chete". Kureva kuti, munhu anogona kuita chiito chakarurama, asi zvinangwa zvake zvingave zvisina kunaka. Semuenzaniso, mumwe munhu anopa zvipo kuti arumbidzwe. Kunyangwe uchibatsira vamwe vanhu, chiito ichi hachibvi pakuda kwetsika, asi pachido chekuwana mukurumbira.
Saka, mutsika dze deontological, tsika dzinova chinhu chakadzama kupfuura maitiro chete; zvinobata kuzvipira kwemukati kuremekedza misimboti yetsika.
Nheyo yeKukosha Kwevanhu Vose: Tsika Hadzifanirwe Kuva Dzinozviisa Pasi Pamwe Chete
Pfungwa yetsika mutsika dze deontological inosimbisawo kuti mitemo yetsika inofanira kushanda kune wese munhu nguva dzose. Hunhu hahufanirwe kutsamira pamamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo anobatsira vanhu vamwe chete.
Kant akagadzira izvi kuburikidza nepfungwa yechirevo chechikamu, chimwe chezvirevo zvake zvakakurumbira chinoti: "Ita zvinoenderana nemirairo iyo iwe unogona panguva imwe chete kuti ive mitemo yepasi rose." Kureva kuti, tisati taita, tinofanira kubvunza kuti: "Ndinoda here kana munhu wese akaita chinhu chimwe chete mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana?" Kana mhinduro iri kwete, saka chiito chacho hachina kunaka.
Semuenzaniso, kana mumwe munhu akapembedza kureva nhema kuti awane pundutso, anenge achibvuma nyika iyo munhu wese anobvumirwa kureva nhema kana zvichibatsira. Zvisinei, nyika yakadaro inogona kukanganisa kuvimbana uye kutoita kuti pfungwa ye "vimbiso" isave nemusoro. Nokudaro, kureva nhema hakugoni kuonekwa semutemo wepasi rose uye nokudaro kunoonekwa sekusachena kubva pamaonero e deontology.
Chiremerera Chevanhu uye Kurambidzwa Kwekubata Vanhu Sezvishandiso
Mutsika dze deontological, tsika dzine chekuitawo nekuremekedza chiremerera chemunhu. Kant akataura kuti vanhu vanofanira kubatwa sezvinangwa zvavo, kwete senzira yekuzadzisa zvimwe zvinangwa chete. Nheyo iyi yave ichibatsira mukuumba pfungwa dzetsika dzemazuva ano, kusanganisira pfungwa yekodzero dzevanhu.
Kana mumwe munhu achinyengedza, achinyepera, kana kushandisa vamwe zvisina kunaka kuti awane pundutso, anenge achishandisa vamwe sezvishandiso. Kunyangwe kana zviito zvakadaro zvichiunza mabhenefiti makuru kune anopara mhosva kana kunyange kune vamwe vazhinji, tsika dze deontology dzinozviona sedambudziko nekuti dzinoderedza rukudzo rwevanhu.
Muenzaniso wakapfava: kambani isingateereri kuchengetedzeka kwevashandi kuitira kuwedzera purofiti. Nekuda kweizvozvo, chiito ichi chingave "chinoshanda" uye chinobatsira vazhinji vane migove, asi maererano ne deontology, zvinotyora chisungo chetsika chekuremekedza vanhu sevanhu vane chiremera.
Kusawirirana Kwezvisungo uye Dambudziko reMaitiro Evanhu Vechitendero
Kunyange zvazvo zvichiita sezviri nyore, tsika dze deontology dzinosangana nematambudziko kana zvisungo zvichipesana. Chii chinofanira kuitwa kana zvisungo zviviri zvetsika zvichipesana? Semuenzaniso, chisungo chekutaura chokwadi chinopesana nechisungo chekuchengetedza hupenyu hwevamwe. Kana munhu akabvunzwa netsotsi nezvekwakange kune munhu akakuvadzwa, anofanira kutaura chokwadi here kana kuti kureva nhema kuti aponese munhu akakuvadzwa?
Muzvinyorwa zvakasimba zve deontology, kureva nhema kuchiri kuonekwa sekusina kururama. Zvisinei, vazivi vazhinji nevanofunga nezvetsika vakaedza kugadzira nzira dzinochinjika dze deontology, semuenzaniso nekugadzira hurongwa hwezvisungo kana kufunga nezvemamiriro ezvinhu pasina kurasikirwa nepfungwa huru: kuti kune misimboti isingafaniri kuraswa nyore nyore.
Chimwe chinetso ndechekuti tsika dze deontological dzakanyanya "kuoma" uye hadzina hanya zvakakwana nemigumisiro chaiyo. Vatsoropodzi vanoti tsika dzinofanirawo kufunga nezvekutambura kana kugara zvakanaka kunokonzerwa nezviito. Zvisinei, kune vanoongorora deontology, kana tsika dzichivimba chete nemigumisiro, nheyo dzinogona kunge dzisina kurongeka uye dziri nyore kururamisa kuti dzishumire zvido zvakananga.
Kukosha kwetsika dzeDeontological muhupenyu hwemazuva ano
Pasinei nekukakavadzana, pfungwa yetsika mutsika dze deontological ichiri kukosha nanhasi. Mumutemo, hunyanzvi, uye hupenyu hwevanhu, tsika dzakawanda dzinoshanda mu deontological: vanachiremba vanosungirwa kuchengetedza zvakavanzika zvevarwere, vatongi vanosungirwa kusarudza nyaya pasina kupesana kwezvido, uye vatori venhau vanosungirwa kuzivisa ruzivo nekuvimbika.
Munyika yakaoma, nzira ye deontology inobatsira kuchengetedza tsika dzakanaka nekugadza miganhu yakajeka: pane zvinhu zvausingafaniri kuita, kunyangwe zvichibatsira. Nheyo iyi inokosha kudzivirira vanhu kuti vasawire mumusungo wekuti "zvinangwa zvinoruramisa nzira".
Mhedziso
Pfungwa yetsika mutsika dze deontological inoisa chisungo, mitemo yetsika, chinangwa, uye kupararira kwese senzira huru yekuyera kururama uye kuipa kwezviito. Hunhu hahuna kutsanangurwa nekubudirira kana mabhenefiti anobva muchiito, asi pane kutevedzera misimboti nekuremekedza chiremerera chemunhu. Pasinei nematambudziko akadai semitoro inopikisana uye kupomerwa kwekuoma, tsika dze deontological dzinoramba dziri hwaro hwakakosha hwekunzwisisa mutoro wetsika, kunyanya kana vanhu vachiedzwa kusiya misimboti kuti vawane pundutso nekukurumidza. Nenzira iyi, hunhu hunova kuzvipira kuita nemazvo kwete nekuda kwemhedzisiro, asi nekuti ndicho chinhu chakakodzera kuita.
