Kuenzanisa pakati paKant naHegel
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) naGeorg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) vanhu vaviri vakuru mutsika dzemazuva ano dzeuzivi hweGerman. Vose vakatsvaga kupindura mibvunzo mikuru nezveruzivo, chokwadi, rusununguko, uye kufunga. Zvisinei, kunzwisisa kwavo miganhu yekufunga, chinzvimbo chemunhu, uye hukama huripo pakati pepfungwa nenyika zvakasiyana zvakanyanya. Kant anowanzonzwisiswa semuvambi we "uzivi hwekutsoropodza," hunosimbisa miganhu yeruzivo rwevanhu, nepo Hegel anozivikanwa ne "absolute idealism" yake uye nzira yake yekutaura, iyo inosimbisa kukura kwenhoroondo yekuziva nekufunga. Chinyorwa chino chinoenzanisa muchidimbu asi zvakakwana pfungwa huru dzaKant naHegel.
1. Nhoroondo uye chirongwa chepfungwa
Chirongwa chaKant chakabva mukunetseka kwake pamusoro pekusawirirana kuripo pakati pepfungwa (inobva pakufunga) uye pfungwa (inobva pakuziva). Kant akaedza kuratidza mamiriro ezvinhu ekugona kuwana ruzivo: kuti ruzivo rwesainzi runogoneka sei, uye kuti miganhu yarwo ndeipi. Akadana nzira yake kuti "kutsoropodza" nekuti yakaedza kugona kwekufunga pachako.
Hegel akabuda makumi emakore akati wandei mushure maKant, munguva yekuvandudzwa kweruzivo uye mushure meChimurenga cheFrance, apo mibvunzo yenhoroondo, nzanga, uye rusununguko rwezvematongerwo enyika yakanga yava chinhu chikuru. Hegel akaona chirongwa chaKant chichikosha asi "chakanyanya kugadzikana," achiri kuchengetedza musiyano wakakura pakati penyaya nechinhu. Hegel aida kuratidza kuti kufunga hakugumiri pamiganhu yakatarwa asi kunokura kuburikidza nenhoroondo, kusawirirana, uye kuyananisa.
2. Epistemology: ruzivo nemiganhu yekufunga
Kuna Kant, ruzivo rwevanhu runoumbwa nemaumbirwo ekutanga ari mukati menyaya iyi. Nyika yatinoziva haisi "nyika pachayo" asi nyika sezvainoonekwa kwatiri (zviitiko). Kant anosiyanisa zviitiko kubva kuna noumena (Ding an sich, "chinhu chiri pachayo"). Noumena iripo sepfungwa dzine muganhu: tinogona kufunga nezvadzo, asi hatigone kuzviziva neruzivo rwekufungidzira. Saka, Kant anotaura nezvemiganhu yeruzivo rwevanhu: kufunga hakugone kupfuura ruzivo.
Hegel akatsoropodza kupatsanurwa kwaKant kwezviitiko ne noumena. Akati kana tikati pane "chinhu-chiri-chiri-chiri" chisingasvikiki zvachose, tiri kutaura nezvechimwe chinhu chinonzi hachizivikanwi - kupokana kwemaitiro. Hegel akatsigira pfungwa yekuti chokwadi chinonzwisisika nekufunga, kwete senzira yakananga yemunhu ku "chinhu-chiri-chiri-chiri," asi senzira yenhoroondo umo kuziva nenyika zvinoumbana. Kuna Hegel, chokwadi hachisi chinhu chisingachinji, asi chibereko chebudiriro: chiri "chokwadi" chinobuda kuburikidza nepfungwa dzevanhu nezviitiko.
3. Nzira: kutsoropodza kwepasi rose vs dialectics
Maitiro aKant ndeekuongorora zvinhu zvisina musoro: anotsvaga mamiriro ezvinhu zvinoita kuti pave neruzivo neruzivo. Anobvunza kuti, "Chii chinofanira kunge chiri chokwadi kuti ruzivo rwakabatana ruvepo?" Kubva ipapo, Kant anotsanangura mapoka ezvikonzero (zvakadai sechikonzero) uye mafomu ekunzwisisa (nzvimbo nenguva) senzira dzinoshandiswa nemusoro wenyaya kuvaka nyika yeruzivo.
Hegel aishandisa dialectics, inowanzonzwisiswa se thesis-antithesis-synthesis, kunyange zvazvo Hegel pachake aive akaomarara kupfuura fomura iyoyo. Dialectics kufamba kwepfungwa kuburikidza nekupokana kwemukati: pfungwa inoratidza miganhu yayo, inogadzira kuramba kwayo, uye yobva yaenda kune chimiro chakaringana. Nzira iyi inoita kuti uzivi hwaHegel huve "hunochinja-chinja" zvakanyanya: pane kutsvaga miganhu yakatarwa, inotevera kuti pfungwa dzinokura sei nekugadzirisa kusawirirana.
4. Metaphysics: pfungwa dzakakosha (critical idealism) vs pfungwa dzakazara (absolute idealism)
Kant anowanzonzi mutsigiri wepfungwa dzepamusoro-soro: chokwadi chatinoziva chinoenderana nemaumbirwo enyaya yacho, asi izvi hazvirevi kuti nyika ingori "chisikwa chepfungwa" chinongoonekwa nemunhu. Kant achiri kubvuma kuvapo kwechimwe chinhu chiri kunze kwedu, asi akasimbisa kuti chatinongogona kuziva chete chimiro chainoonekwa nacho muzviitiko.
Hegel anoonekwa semunhu anotsigira pfungwa dzakazara. "Zvakazara" pano hazvirevi kuti zvese zviri mupfungwa dzemunhu, asi kuti chokwadi nepfungwa zvine musoro pakupedzisira kubatana kunogona kunzwisiswa mukati mehurongwa. Nyika—kusanganisira nhoroondo, nzanga, hunyanzvi, chitendero, neuzivi—iratidziro yeMweya unoshanduka (Geist). Nokudaro, kunzwisisa nyika zvinoreva kunzwisisa maumbirwo ane pfungwa anoratidzwa mumaitiro enhoroondo.
5. Tsika: mutemo wetsika wepasi rose uchipesana netsika dzehupenyu hwevanhu
Mutsika, Kant anozivikanwa nemutemo wake wekuti: ita zvinoenderana nepfungwa dzaunogona kuda kuti dzive mitemo yepasi rose. Hunhu hunobva pakufunga kwakanaka uye kuzvitonga: vanhu vane hunhu hwakanaka kana vachiteerera mitemo yavanoisa pavari sevanhu vane pfungwa dzakanaka. Kant akasimbisa basa uye kuva munhu wese. Migumisiro, manzwiro, kana tsika dzevanhu hazvisizvo hwaro hukuru hwehunhu.
Hegel akaona tsika dzaKant sedzakanyanya kurongeka. Chirevo chechikamu, maererano naHegel, chinogona kusava nechinhu kana chisina kuzadzwa nemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo evanhu. Hegel akasimbisa Sittlichkeit (hupenyu hwetsika): tsika dzinogara mumasangano evanhu netsika dzakadai semhuri, veruzhinji, nehurumende. Kuna Hegel, rusununguko harusi kungosarudza kwemunhu zvichienderana nemutemo wepasi rose, asi kuzviziva mukati mehurongwa hwemagariro evanhu hune musoro. Kutsoropodza kwaHegel: Kant ari panjodzi yekuona vanhu sevakaparadzaniswa nenyika yevanhu inovaumba.
6. Rusununguko: kuzvitonga kwemunhu wega uchienzanisa nerusununguko sekuzivikanwa
Kuna Kant, rusununguko runonyanya kureva kuzvitonga: kugona kwemunhu ane pfungwa dzakapinza kusarudza zviito zvake zvichibva pamutemo wetsika, kwete pamanzwiro echisikigo kana kumanikidzwa kwekunze. Nekuti rusununguko harugone kuratidzwa neruzivo rwemienzaniso, Kant anoti ipfungwa yekufunga—chimwe chinhu chinofanira kufungidzirwa kuti tsika dzive nemusoro.
Kuna Hegel, rusununguko rwuri mumagariro evanhu uye munhoroondo. Munhu akasununguka kwete nekungova "nechido chakanaka," asi nekurarama mukati mezvimiro zvekuzivikanwa uye masangano anogonesa kuzadzikiswa kwechido chine musoro. Muhurongwa hwaHegel, rusununguko runofambira mberi kuburikidza nenhoroondo: kubva pamhando dzisina rusununguko dzekuziva kuenda kurongeka kwemagariro evanhu nezvematongerwo enyika zvine musoro. Pano, rusununguko harusi kungori mukati metsika chete asiwo mamiriro asina chinangwa.
7. Mamiriro nenhoroondo: miganhu inodzorwa vs. pfungwa dzenhoroondo
Kant akataura nezvemutemo, zvematongerwo enyika, uye rugare (semuenzaniso, pfungwa ye "Rugare Rusingaperi"), asi akaramba ari kure pakati petsika (zvinofanira kuva) nechokwadi chenhoroondo (zvakaitika). Tsika dzaKant dzinopa tsika dzekutonga masangano, kwete kufunga kuti nhoroondo inogara iine musoro.
Hegel anozivikanwa nepfungwa yake yekuti "pfungwa ndiyo chaiyo, uye chaiyo ndiyo pfungwa" (dudziro inowanzo kurukurwa). Aiona mamiriro emazuva ano semhedzisiro chaiyo yekukura kwerusununguko zvine musoro—kunyange izvi zvisingarevi kuti mutemo wega wega wenyika wakarurama nguva dzose. Kuna Hegel, nhoroondo inzvimbo umo Mweya unozadzisa rusununguko rwawo zvishoma nezvishoma. Maonero aya anoita kuti uzivi hwaHegel huve hwakanangana nenhoroondo, nepo hwaKant hunowanzova hwakajairwa kupfuura mwero.
8. Nzvimbo yemusangano: chiyero, musoro wenyaya, uye chirongwa chemazuva ano
Pasinei nekusiyana kwavo kukuru, kune zvakawanda zvinokosha zvinoenderera mberi. Vose vakaisa kufunga pakati peuzivi hwemazuva ano uye vese vakatsvaga kupfuura dzidziso yemetaphysical. Kant akaisa miganhu pakufunga kudzivirira ruzivo netsika kubva mukufungidzira kusina hwaro. Hegel akaramba miganhu iyi, achifunga kuti inotadzisa kunzwisisa mashandiro anoita pfungwa mukuchinja kwechokwadi.
Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, Kant akasimbisa "mamiriro ezvinhu ekutanga" akagadzika mukati menyaya, ukuwo Hegel akasimbisa "kukura kwepfungwa" dzinofamba-famba munhoroondo. Kant akapa hurongwa hwakakosha hwekusiyanisa zvinogona kuzivikanwa kubva kune zvinogona kungofungwa chete. Hegel akakurudzira chitendero chekuti pfungwa dzinogona kupinda mukuparadzaniswa pakati penyaya nechinhu kuburikidza nemaitiro ekutaura uye emagariro evanhu.
Mhedziso
Kuenzanisa Kant naHegel kunoratidza nzira mbiri huru dzekunzwisisa zvemazuva ano. Kant akadzidzisa kungwarira kweruzivo rwepfungwa: ruzivo rune miganhu, uye tsika dzinotsamira pakuzvitonga nemitemo yepasi rose inotungamirwa nekufunga. Hegel, kune rumwe rutivi, akasimbisa kufamba kwenhoroondo: kufunga hakungogadzi mitemo chete asiwo kunozviratidza mumasangano, kusawirirana, uye kuyananiswa munhoroondo yese. Kana Kant akatibatsira kunzwisisa mamiriro nemiganhu yeruzivo nehwaro hwetsika dzepasi rose, Hegel anotibatsira kuona kuti rusununguko nepfungwa zvinoonekwa sei muhupenyu hwemagariro evanhu nehwenhoroondo.
Pakupedzisira, kunzwisisa Kant naHegel hakusi kungosarudza mumwe chete pane mumwe, asi pane kuona kusawirirana kuripo pakati pavo: pakati pemiganhu nekukura, pakati petsika dzepamutemo nehupenyu hwetsika, uye pakati penyaya inozvitonga nenyika yemagariro evanhu nenhoroondo inoumba uye inoumbwa nayo. Kusawirirana uku kuchiri kuramba kuchimutsa hurukuro dzefilosofi kusvika nanhasi.
