Kwakatangira Uzivi
Uzivi ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzekare dzeruzivo dzinoramba dzichikura nekufamba kwenguva. Izwi rekuti 'filosofi' rinobva muchiGiriki: 'philos' zvichireva rudo uye 'sophia' zvichireva uchenjeri, saka rinogona kududzirwa serudo rweuchenjeri. Uzivi hahungoshandi sehwaro hwemamwe mativi akasiyana asi hunoshandawo senzira yekuti vanhu vanzwisise zvakadzama ivo pachavo, nyika yakavapoteredza, uye hukama huripo pakati pezvinhu zviviri izvi. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora mavambo euzivi, kuti hwakakura sei, uye simba rahwo pamativi akasiyana-siyana ehupenyu.
Nhoroondo Yekare:
Kuti tinzwisise mavambo ehuzivi, tinofanira kudzokera kumashure kunguva yekare, kunyanya kuGreece muzana remakore rechitanhatu BC. Kunyangwe zviratidzo zvepfungwa dzehuzivi zvichigona kuwanikwawo mune dzimwe tsika dzekare dzakadai seEgypt, Mesopotamia, India, neChina, Girisi ichiri nzvimbo inozivikanwa zvakanyanya munhoroondo yehuzivi hwekuMadokero.
Nguva yePamberi peSocrates:
Vanhu vekare vakaita saThales wekuMileto, Anaximander, naAnaximenes, vanozivikanwa sevazivi vePre-Socrates, vakaita basa guru mukusimbisa tsika dzehuzivi. Vakaedza kutsanangura zviitiko zvechisikigo uye nheyo huru dzinotonga zvakasikwa pasina kuvimba nengano kana vamwari. Semuenzaniso, Thales akataura kuti mvura ndiyo musimboti wehupenyu hwese, nepo Anaximander akaunza pfungwa ye'apeiron' (isina magumo) semavambo ezvinhu zvese.
Socrates neUzivi hwekare:
Socrates akaita basa guru mukukura kweuzivi. Akachinja pfungwa dzeuzivi kubva pazvinhu zvakasikwa kuenda kunyaya dzine chekuita netsika, tsika, uye hupenyu hwevanhu. Socrates anozivikanwa nenzira yake yekutaura, inozivikanwa se "nzira yeSocratic," maaibvunza mibvunzo yakatevedzana kuti abatsire vamwe kuwana mhinduro uye kunzwisisa pfungwa dzakadzama.
Plato naAristotle:
Socrates haana kusiya magwaro akanyorwa, asi mudzidzi wake, Plato, akapa mipiro mikuru nekunyora dzidziso dzaSocrates nekuwedzera kusimudzira pfungwa dzake. Plato akatanga Academy muAthens uye akanyora hurukuro dzakawanda dzichiongorora misoro inosanganisira chokwadi, kururamisira, uye runako. Pfungwa ye "nyika yemafungiro" kana "nyika yemafungiro" ndeimwe yemipiro yake mikuru. Sekureva kwaPlato, nyika inooneka ingori mumvuri wenyika yemafungiro echokwadi uye asingaperi.
Mudzidzi waPlato, Aristotle, akasiyana nemudzidzisi wake munzira dzakawanda. Akanyanya kutarisa pakuongorora zvinhu uye kutarisa nyika chaiyo. Mabasa aAristotle aive akasiyana-siyana, anosanganisira pfungwa, metaphysics, tsika, zvematongerwo enyika, uye biology. Kusiyana naPlato, uyo akaparadzanisa nyika chaiyo nenyika yemafungiro, Aristotle aitenda kuti zvinhu nechimiro zvaive zvinhu zviviri zvechinhu chimwe chete.
Uzivi hwechiGiriki nehwechiRoma:
Mushure menguva yaPlato naAristotle, uzivi hwakaramba huchikura munguva dzechiGiriki nedzeRoma. Mapoka akasiyana-siyana epfungwa dzeuzivi, akadai seStoicism, Epicureanism, Skepticism, uye Neoplatonism, akabuda, achipa maonero matsva pamusoro pehupenyu nepasi rose.
Semuenzaniso, chiStoicism chinodzidzisa kuti uchenjeri nerunako zvinowanikwa nekurarama zvinoenderana nezvisikwa uye kudzora manzwiro. Panguva imwe chete, chiEpicureanism chinosimbisa kutsvaga mufaro kuburikidza nekuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvekutanga uye kudzivirira kurwadziwa.
Uzivi hweMiddle Ages:
MuMiddle Ages, uzivi hwakachinja, huchipesvedzerwa zvikuru nechiKristu. Uzivi hwakava chishandiso chekunzwisisa nekutsanangura dzidziso dzechitendero. Vanhu vakaita saAugustine naThomas Aquinas vakanyora mabasa akakosha vachiedza kuwiriranisa uzivi nedzidziso dzechiKristu.
Semuenzaniso, Thomas Aquinas akashandisa uzivi hwaAristotle kutsigira nekutsanangura dzidziso dzechiKristu. Basa rake guru, Summa Theologica, rave rimwe remabhuku ane simba guru mutsika dzepfungwa dzekuMadokero.
Renaissance uye Early Modern:
Nguva yeRenaissance yakaratidza kutangazve kufarira sainzi yekare netsika. Uzivi hwakavandudzwa, pamwe nekufambira mberi nekukurumidza muunyanzvi, mabhuku, nesainzi. Vanhu vakaita saNicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, naFrancis Bacon vakaita basa rakakosha mukushandura maonero evanhu pamusoro pezvinhu zvose uye kusimbisa kukosha kwenzira yesainzi.
Nguva yeRenaissance yakagadzirawo nzira yeuzivi hwemazuva ano, kutanga naRené Descartes, aionekwa sebaba veuzivi hwemazuva ano. Descartes anozivikanwa nemashoko ake ekuti, “Cogito, ergo sum,” kana kuti “Ndinofunga, saka ndiri.” Nemasvomhu ake uye maitiro ake ekusava nechokwadi, Descartes akaedza kuvaka hwaro hwakasimba hweruzivo.
Uzivi Hwemazuva Ano:
Nguva yemazuva ano yakaunza pfungwa itsva dzakawanda uye mapazi akasiyana-siyana euzivi. Muzana remakore rechi17 nerechi18, takaona kukura kwemapoka maviri makuru epfungwa muuzivi hwekuMadokero: rationalism uye empiricism. Vanoda pfungwa dzakaita saDescartes, Spinoza, naLeibniz vakasimbisa kukosha kwekufunga mukuwana ruzivo, nepo vanoda pfungwa dzakaita saLocke, Berkeley, naHume vakasimbisa ruzivo senzvimbo huru yeruzivo.
Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi18, Immanuel Kant akaedza kubatanidza zvikoro zviviri izvi nepfungwa dzake dzekutsoropodza, idzo dzakasimbisa kuti kunyange zvazvo ruzivo rwedu ruchitanga neruzivo, kufunga kunoita basa rakakosha mukuumba ruzivo irworwo.
Uzivi Hwemazuva Ano:
Uzivi hwakaramba huchikura kusvika muzana remakore rechi19 nerechi20, nekubuda kwevanhu vakaita saFriedrich Nietzsche, Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, naJean-Paul Sartre. Mumwe nemumwe wavo akapa mipiro yakakosha munzvimbo dzakadai setsika, zvematongerwo enyika, uye zvepfungwa.
Semuenzaniso, kufunga kwaNietzsche kwakazunungusa hwaro hwetsika dzechivanhu ndokupa pfungwa ye'Übermensch', kana kuti superman. Panguva iyi, Sartre aisimbisa rusununguko rwemunhu uye mutoro wemunhu pachake mukugadzira zvaanoreva muhupenyu.
Penutup:
Mavambo euzivi anoratidza rwendo runoshamisa rwekufunga kwevanhu, kubva pakutanga kuedza kunzwisisa nyika yakatipoteredza nenzira yakarongeka uye ine musoro kusvika pakukura kwakaoma kwedzidziso nemaonero enyika atinoziva nhasi. Uzivi hausi nhoroondo yemazano chete, asiwo kutsvaga uchenjeri kuri kuenderera mberi uye kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwezvinoreva kuva munhu.
Munyika ine shanduko nebudiriro nguva dzose, uzivi hunoramba hwakakosha senzira yekutsvaga mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pekuvapo, tsika, ruzivo, uye chokwadi. Nekuramba tichibvunza nekufungisisa, tinoramba tichienderera mberi nenhaka refu yekufunga zvakadzama yakatanga zviuru zvemakore zvakapfuura.
