Pfungwa yaMwari muUzivi
Pfungwa yehuMwari muuzivi ndeimwe yenyaya dzekare uye dzakakosha munhoroondo yepfungwa dzevanhu. Mibvunzo inoti "Mwari ariko here kana kuti kwete?", "Kana ariko, hunhu hwake chii?", uye "Vanhu vangaziva sei Mwari?" yakapesvedzera kuberekwa kwezvikoro zvakasiyana-siyana zveuzivi, kubva kuGreece Yekare kusvika kuhuzivi hwemazuva ano. Kusiyana nedzidziso yezvechitendero, iyo inowanzo tanga kubva pakuzarurwa uye tsika dzechitendero dzakati, uzivi hunotsvaga kukurukura huMwari kuburikidza nekufunga kwakakosha, nharo dzine musoro, uye kufungisisa pane zvakaitika kuvanhu. Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura nzira dzakawanda dzehuMwari, nharo dzekuvapo kwaMwari, kushoropodzwa kwepfungwa yaMwari, uye kukura kwepfungwa yehuMwari munguva yanhasi.
1. HuMwari seMubvunzo weMetafizikisi
Muhuzivi, hurukuro dzaMwari dzinowanzoiswa munzvimbo yemetaphysics, bazi rinoongorora hunhu hwakadzama hwechokwadi. Mutsika zhinji dzehuzivi, Mwari anonzwisiswa se "munhu mukuru," chikonzero chekutanga, kana hwaro hwezvose zviripo. Mibvunzo yemetaphysical pamusoro paMwari ine chekuita nemavambo ezvisikwa zvose, kuvapo, uye kuti nei paine chimwe chinhu pane kusava nechinhu.
Semuenzaniso, vazivi vakaita saAristotle vakataura nezve "Mufambi Asina Kufambiswa." Sekureva kwake, zvese zvinofamba zvinofambiswa nechimwe chinhu, uye hazvigoneke kuti cheni yemafambiro idzokere kumashure isina magumo. Nokudaro, panofanira kunge paine chokwadi chinofamba asi chisingafambiswe, icho chiri tsime rekufamba kwekutanga. Kunyangwe Aristotle asina kutaura nezvaMwari chaiye sezvakaita muzvitendero zvaAbrahama, pfungwa dzake dzakazova musimboti wepfungwa dzakazotevera dzeuzivi hweumwari.
2. Mwari mutsika dzekare nedzepakati pezana remakore rechi20
Uzivi pahwakasangana nezvitendero zvinodavira kuti Mwari mumwe chete, kunyanya mutsika dzechiKristu, dzechiIslam, nedzechiJudha, pfungwa yaMwari yakava "yemunhu" uye yakanzwisiswa semusiki, mutsigiri, uye mutongi wezvisikwa. MuMiddle Ages, vazivi nevadzidzisi vezvechitendero vakaedza kusanganisa kufunga nekutenda.
Mumwe munhu anokosha ndiThomas Aquinas. Akagadzira "nzira shanu" (quinque viae) kuratidza kuvapo kwaMwari, zhinji dzacho dziri dzemuchadenga: kubva pakufamba, chikonzero, mukana uye kukosha, mwero wekukwana, uye kurongeka kwechisikigo (teleology). Aquinas akataura kuti kufunga kunogona kusvika pamhedziso yekuti Mwari ariko, kunyangwe ruzivo rwakazara rwehunhu hwaMwari ruchiri kure nekugona kwevanhu uye ruchida kuratidzwa.
Mutsika dzechiIslam dzehuzivi, vanhu vakaita saAl-Farabi, Ibn Sina (Avicenna), naIbn Rushd (Averroes) vakasimudzirawo nharo pamusoro peKuvapo Kunodiwa (Wajibul Wujud). Ibn Sina akasiyanisa pakati pekuvapo kunogona kuitika (mumkin al-wujud), kureva kuti, zvese zvinogona kuvapo kana kusavapo, uye kuvapo kunodiwa (wajib al-wujud), kureva kuti, kuvapo kwayo hakuna kuzvimiririra pane chimwe chinhu. Kubva pane izvi, akagumisa kuti pane chimwe chinhu chiri hwaro hwekuvapo kwese: Mwari.
3. Nharo dzeUzivi dzeKuvapo kwaMwari
Mupfungwa, kune mhando dzinoverengeka dzenharo dzinowanzo kurukurwa:
a. Nharo yeCosmological
Nhaurirano iyi inotangira pakuti chimwe chinhu chiripo uye chinoshanduka, saka panofanira kunge paine chikonzero chekutanga kana hwaro hwekuvapo kwacho. Shanduro yekare inoti hapagone kuva neketani isingaperi yezvikonzero; saka, panofanira kunge paine chikonzero chisina chikonzero, kureva Mwari.
b. Nharo yeTeleological (Kugadzira)
Nhaurirano dzeTeleological dzinoratidza kurongeka uye kuoma kwezvisikwa. Kana zvakasikwa zvichiita sezvine chinangwa uye "zvakarongwa," saka panogona kunge paine mugadziri akangwara ari shure kwazvo. Muchimiro chazvo chemazuva ano, nharo iyi inowanzoonekwa sehurukuro ye "kugadzirisa" cosmos: mamiriro chaiwo emuviri anobvumira hupenyu.
c. Nharo dzeOntological
Nhaurirano iyi yakasiyana nekuti haitangi kubva pane zvakaitika muzviitiko zvekufungidzira, asi kubva pane imwe pfungwa. Anselm wekuCanterbury akati Mwari "chinhu chikuru kupfuura chero chinhu chingafungidzike." Kana Mwari aripo mupfungwa chete kwete muchokwadi, saka zvichiri kugoneka kufungidzira chimwe chinhu chikuru, kureva Mwari aripowo muchokwadi. Saka, Mwari anofanira kuvapo. Nhaurirano iyi yakakakavadzana zvikuru, uye Immanuel Kant akaitsoropodza, achiti "kuvapo hakusi chirevo" semamwe maitiro.
d. Nharo Dzetsika
Nhaurirano dzetsika dzinoti kuvapo kwemutemo wetsika usina kukanganiswa kana pfungwa yekusungirwa kwetsika kunogona kuratidza kuti pane imwe nzvimbo yepamusoro yetsika. Semuenzaniso, Kant akataura kuti pfungwa yaMwari inoshanda sepfungwa yekufunga kunoshanda: kwete humbowo hwedzidziso, asi chinodiwa kuti kururamisira nerunako zvive nerevo yakazara.
4. Kutsoropodzwa kwepfungwa yaMwari
Havasi vese vazivi vanobvuma pfungwa dzaMwari. Kutsoropodzwa kwepfungwa yaMwari kwakasimba muuzivi hwemazuva ano.
Semuenzaniso, David Hume akatsoropodza pfungwa yekugadzira, achiti kuenzanisa pakati pezvisikwa nezvinhu zvakagadzirwa nevanhu kwakanga kusina kusimba. Sekureva kwaHume, kugara kwenguva dzose kwezvisikwa hakuratidzi pachena kuti kune mugadziri chaiye, tisingatauri nezvemunhu akanaka uye ane simba rose.
Kant akaganhurirawo kugona kwekufunga kwakachena (kufunga kwedzidziso). Akataura kuti Mwari, mweya, nenyika yose hazvigone kusimbiswa nesainzi kana kuti nepfungwa dzechinyakare, sezvo zvichipfuura miganhu yeruzivo. Zvisinei, Kant haana kuramba Mwari zvachose; akaisa basa raMwari pasi pehunhu hwetsika.
Muzana remakore rechi19, kushoropodzwa kwakawedzera, Ludwig Feuerbach achitsanangura Mwari sechiratidzo chehunhu hwakanaka hwevanhu. Friedrich Nietzsche akatozivisa kuti "rufu rwaMwari," kwete kungorambwa kwemweya chete, asi kuti tsika dzevanhu dzakaratidza kuti tsika dzechivanhu dzakanga dzava kurasikirwa nesimba radzo munyika yanhasi.
5. HuMwari muUzivi Hwemazuva Ano
Munguva yanhasi, kukurukurirana nezvaMwari hakuna kunyangarika, asi kwakachinja chimiro. Semuenzaniso, uzivi hwekuongorora hwakavandudza nharo pamusoro paMwari huchishandisa zvishandiso zvemazuva ano zvine musoro. Vanhu vakaita saAlvin Plantinga vakatsigira shanduro dzepfungwa dze ontological, nepo kukurukurirana nezvedambudziko rezvakaipa kwave kwakakosha: kana Mwari akanaka uye ane simba rose, sei kutambura kuripo? Mamwe mapinduriro epfungwa anosanganisira "kudzivirira rusununguko" kana pfungwa yekuti kutambura kunogona kuita basa mukuumba hunhu hwevanhu.
Uyezve, nzira yekufunga nezvemaitiro, yakatungamirirwa naAlfred North Whitehead, yakabuda. Mumaonero aya, Mwari haanzwisiswi semutongi asingachinji, anosarudza zvese, asi sechokwadi "chinoshanda" nenyika, chichiipesvedzera pasina kuimanikidza. Nzira iyi inoedza kugadzirisa dambudziko rehuipi nekududzira patsva simba raMwari remasimbaose.
Kune rumwe rutivi, kusada zvenyika nesainzi yemazuva ano zvinounza matambudziko matsva. Kosmology, dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka, uye neuroscience zvinowanzofungidzirwa kuti zvinopa tsananguro dzezvisikwa zvezviitiko zvaimbobatanidzwa naMwari. Zvisinei, uzivi hunotiyeuchidza kuti tsananguro dzesainzi nemibvunzo yemetafizikisi hazvisi nguva dzose padanho rimwe chete: sainzi inotaura nezve "sei," nepo metafizikisi inowanzo bvunza kuti "nei" uye "chii chiri chirevo chakadzama."
6. Kesimpulan
Pfungwa yaMwari muuzivi inzvimbo yakaoma uye inogara ichichinja. Kubva kuna Aristotle's Unmoved Mover, Ibn Sina's Necessary Being, Aquinas's Five Paths, kusvika kuongororo dzaHume, Kant, Feuerbach, naNietzsche, gakava pamusoro paMwari rinoratidza mashandiro ari pakati pekutenda, kufunga, ruzivo, netsika. Uzivi hahupi mhinduro dzekupedzisira nguva dzose, asi hunopa nzira yekufunga inobatsira vanhu kugadzira mibvunzo zvakajeka, kuongorora nharo dzakakomba, uye kunzwisisa kuti pfungwa yaMwari haisi dzidziso chete, asiwo mubvunzo wehupenyu: nezvekwakabva, chinangwa chehupenyu, tsika, uye zvazvinoreva.
Pakupedzisira, hurukuro pamusoro pehuMwari muuzivi inoratidza pfungwa imwe inokosha: kunyangwe vanhu vaine zvitendero zvakasiyana, kutsvaga hwaro hwechokwadi uye zvinoreva hupenyu kunoramba kuri chinhu chinodiwa nevanhu vose. Uzivi hunotikoka kuti tisangogamuchira kana kuramba chete, asi kuti tifunge, tinzwisise, uye tirambe tichibvunza nepfungwa dzakavhurika uye mutoro wepfungwa.
