Spinoza nedzidziso yeMonism
Baruch Spinoza, muzivi wezana remakore rechi17, anozivikanwa zvikuru nehunyanzvi hwake mukugadzira dzidziso dzeuzivi dzinochinja-chinja uye dzinokakavadzana dzenguva yake. Chimwe chezvipo zvikuru zvaSpinoza, chinokwezva pfungwa dzevafungi vakawanda, idzidziso yake ye monism. Kuburikidza nedzidziso iyi, Spinoza akaratidza maonero ezvisikwa zvose naMwari akasiyana zvikuru nemaonero ekuti zvinhu zviviri zvaive zvakakurumbira pakati pevazivi vekare vakaita saRené Descartes. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora monism yaSpinoza, kukosha kwayo mukukura kweuzivi, uye simba rayo pakufunga kwemazuva ano.
Magariro aSpinoza uye Mamiriro Ehuzivi Enguva Yacho
Baruch Spinoza akazvarwa muna 1632 muAmsterdam munharaunda yevaJudha vechiPutukezi vakatiza kuInquisition muPortugal. Munguva iyoyo, maonero enyika akatungamirirwa nedzidziso dzeChechi neCartesian dualism. René Descartes akataura kuti chokwadi chine zvinhu zviviri zvakasiyana: res cogitans (pfungwa) uye res extensa (kuwedzera kana chinhu). Maonero aya akaparadzanisa mweya nemuviri naMwari kubva muchadenga.
Spinoza akaramba huviri uhwu ndokutanga dzidziso yemonism, iyo yakavakirwa pamaonero echinhu chimwe chete. Mubhuku rake rakakurumbira, "Ethica Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata" kana kuti "Ethics," akataura kuti kune chinhu chimwe chete chine hunhu husingaperi chinoumba zvese zviri muchadenga. Chinhu ichi ndiMwari kana Chisikwa. Sekureva kwaSpinoza, Mwari neChisikwa (Natura) zvakafanana, nokudaro zvichibvisa huviri pakati pemusiki nechisikwa.
Dzidziso yaSpinoza yeMonism
Dzidziso yaSpinoza yehumwari inobva papfungwa yekuti kune chinhu chimwe chete chiripo, chaakadana kuti Deus sive Natura (Mwari kana Chisikwa). Mukuona kwake, zvese zviripo kuratidzwa kwehunhu husingaperi hwechinhu chimwe chete ichi. Chinhu ichi chinozvimirira chega, hachina chekuita nechero chinhu kuti chivepo, uye chine hunhu hunoonekwa nenzira dzakasiyana. Semuenzaniso, muviri wemunhu nepfungwa dzemunhu inzira dzehunhu hwekuwedzerwa uye hunhu hwekufunga, zvichiteerana. Zvese zviripo kana zvinoitika chikamu chenetwork yezvikonzero nemhedzisiro zvakabatana nechinhu chimwe chete ichi.
Mubhuku rinonzi Ethics, Spinoza akanyora kuti chinhu ichi ndicho chakakonzera (causa sui), zvichireva kuti ndicho chinova chikonzero chacho, chisina chekuita nechero chinhu chiri kunze kwacho. Izvi zvakasiyana nemaonero ekare aMwari semusiki akasiyana nezvisikwa zvake. Kuna Spinoza, Mwari chinhu chimwe chete chinoratidza chimiro nemaitiro akasiyana-siyana atinoona muchadenga.
Zvinoreva Tsika neTsika dzeMonism
Maonero aSpinoza ekuti Mwari ndiye akarurama ane zvazvinoreva zvikuru patsika netsika. Nekuti zvinhu zvese chikamu chechinhu chimwe chete, Spinoza akataura kuti vanhu vanofanira kunzwisisa nzvimbo yavo sechikamu chechinhu chikuru. Kunzwisisa uku kunotungamira kuhupenyu hunoenderana neChisiko kana Mwari.
Mumashoko etsika, Spinoza akataura nezvepfungwa ye'conatus,' inova ndiyo simba kana kuti kuedza zvinhu zvese kuti zvirambe zviripo uye kuti zviwane hunhu hwazvo hwakakosha. Kune vanhu, iyi conatus inoratidzika sesimba rekutsvaga ruzivo nekunzwisisa. Nekuwedzera kunzwisisa kwedu nzvimbo yedu muchadenga chikuru, munhu anogona kuwana mufaro mukuru uye kurarama zvinoenderana nemitemo yechisikigo.
Spinoza akataurawo kuti manzwiro asina kunaka akadai seruvengo, godo, uye hasha zvinobva mukusaziva zvikonzero zviri mukati memubatanidzwa wechinhu chimwe chete. Nekunzwisisa kuti zvese zvinoitika nezvikonzero zvisingadzivisiki mukati memamiriro ezvinhu echinhu chikuru, munhu anogona kugamuchira mamiriro ezvinhu zviri nani uye kuwana uchenjeri mukutarisana nematambudziko ehupenyu.
Simba reMonism raSpinoza muUzivi Hwemazuva Ano
Kunyange zvazvo dzidziso dzaSpinoza dzakatanga dzichitsoropodzwa zvikuru, uye vamwe vaitomuona semunhu asingatendi munaMwari, maonero ake akapa hwaro hwakakosha hwekuvandudzwa kweuzivi hwemazuva ano. Vafungi vechiedza vakaita saLeibniz naLocke vakakurukura nezvepfungwa dzake, uye kunyange zvazvo kazhinji vaisabvumirana, vaisagona kufuratira mipiro mikuru yaSpinoza mukukurukurirana kwemetafizikisi neepistemological.
Munguva dzazvino, Spinoza yave kukosheswa uye kutaurwa nezvayo zvakanyanya muhurukuro dzakasiyana-siyana dzehuzivi dzemazuva ano. Semuenzaniso, Friedrich Nietzsche, akapesvedzerwa zvakanyanya nemaonero aSpinoza pamusoro pehungwaru hwekusarudza uye pfungwa yemunhu akasununguka uye akazvimirira. Panguva imwecheteyo, muhuzivi hwezvematongerwo enyika, pfungwa dzaSpinoza pamusoro perusununguko rwemunhu uye hupenyu hwakavakirwa pakufunga nekunzwisisa zvakaita basa guru mukuvandudzwa kwedzidziso yemazuva ano yerusununguko.
Uyezve, dzidziso yaSpinoza yechitendero chemonist yakakurudzirawo kukura kwehuzivi hwe existentialist uye phenomenology. Vazivi vakaita saMerleau-Ponty naHeidegger vakatarisa pfungwa yaSpinoza yekuti chimwe chinhu chiripo senzvimbo yekutanga yekunzwisisa hukama huripo pakati pepfungwa dzevanhu nenyika yakavapoteredza.
Penutup
Dzidziso yaBaruch Spinoza yechitendero chemonism yakaratidza kuchinja kukuru mumaonero evanhu nezvehukama hwavo nenyika yese naMwari. Nekutaura kuti pane chinhu chimwe chete chiri pasi pezvinhu zvose, Spinoza akabvisa musiyano wetsika pakati pezvinhu nemweya, pakati paMwari nenyika yakasikwa. Kunyangwe pfungwa iyi yakatsoropodzwa zvakanyanya mumazuva ake, simba rayo rave rakapararira uye richiripo muhurukuro dzeuzivi kusvika nhasi.
Kuburikidza ne monism, Spinoza haingopi maonero akabatana e metaphysical chete asiwo inopa hurongwa hwetsika hunokurudzira vanhu kurarama zvinoenderana nezvisikwa. Kunzwisisa uku, kana kukashandiswa muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kunogona kutungamira mumufaro mukuru nerugare rwemukati.
Kubva pamaonero enhoroondo, Spinoza idombo rakakosha rakabatsira kugadzira mamiriro ehuzivi hwemazuva ano. Pfungwa dzake dzinopfuura nguva uye dzinoramba dzichitsanangurwa patsva nezvizvarwa zvinotevera zvevafungi, zvichiratidza hunhu hwakadzama uye hwechinjo hwemipiro yake murwendo rwepfungwa dzevanhu.
