Simba raRené Descartes paUzivi Hwemazuva Ano
René Descartes (1596–1650) mumwe wevanhu vane simba guru munhoroondo yeuzivi. Anozivikanwa saBaba veUzivi hweMazuva Ano, Descartes akatanga shanduko mukufunga yakachinja zvikuru nzira yeuzivi hweMadokero. Kuburikidza nebasa rake, Descartes haana kungopesvedzera uzivi chete asiwo sainzi nemasvomhu. Pfungwa dzaDescartes dzave hwaro husingatsiviwi hunosimudzira kukura kwepfungwa munguva yanhasi. Pazasi, tichaongorora kuti pfungwa dzaDescartes nebasa rake zvakakanganisa sei nyika yeuzivi hwemazuva ano.
1. Nhanganyaya yePfungwa yaDescartes
Kuti tinzwisise simba raDescartes pauzivi hwemazuva ano, tinofanira kuongorora pfungwa dzinoverengeka huru dzepfungwa dzake. Descartes anozivikanwa nekusava nechokwadi kwake, nzira yake yekusava nechokwadi, uye kufungidzira kwake kwemuviri nepfungwa. Aivewo piyona mukufunga kwepfungwa, izvo zvakasimbisa kuti ruzivo rwechokwadi runogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nekufunga uye kufunga, kwete kuburikidza neruzivo rwekunzwa chete.
2. Nzira yeKusava Nechokwadi uye "Cogito, ergo sum"
Imwe nzira iyo Descartes akasiya nayo chiratidzo chisingakanganwiki pauzivi yaive kuburikidza nenzira yake yekusava nechokwadi. Mukutsvaga kwake chokwadi chaicho, Descartes akasarudza kusava nechokwadi nezvese zvaigona kusava nechokwadi, achifungidzira kuti chimwe chinhu chine chokwadi chakazara ndicho chete chakakodzera kutendwa.
Maitiro aya akamutungamirira kumhedzisiro yake yakakurumbira, "Cogito, ergo sum," kana kuti "Ndinofunga, saka ndiri." Izvi zvinoonekwa senzvimbo yekutanga yekufunga kwemazuva ano nekuti zvinoti kuvapo kwemunhu semunhu anofunga ndicho chokwadi chekutanga, chisina mubvunzo. Yaiva nzira iyi yekusava nechokwadi yakabvumira Descartes kuzvisiyanisa nevazivi vekare uye kuunza nguva itsva muuzivi.
3. Kufunga kwaDescartes
Descartes aive mumwe wevakatanga dzidziso yekufunga, pfungwa yekuti kufunga ndiko kunobva ruzivo uye ndiyo nzira yakanakisisa yekuedza ruzivo. Kusiyana nepfungwa yekufungidzira, iyo inosimbisa ruzivo rwepfungwa, pfungwa yaDescartes inotaura kuti pfungwa dzemunhu dzine kugona kwekuwana ruzivo pasina kupindira zvakananga kweruzivo rwepfungwa.
Basa rake rakakurumbira, "Meditationes de prima philosophia," kana kuti "Meditations on First Philosophy," rakasimbisa kukosha kwekunzwisisa kwepfungwa uye kunzwisisa. Akasuma pfungwa ye "pfungwa dzekuzvarwa nadzo" dziri mupfungwa dzemunhu kubva pakuzvarwa uye akasimbisa kuti ruzivo rwemasvomhu neruzivo rwepfungwa mienzaniso yakakwana yechokwadi chinowanikwa kuburikidza nekufunga zvine musoro.
4. Kuwirirana pakati pepfungwa nemuviri
Pfungwa yaRené Descartes yepfungwa nemuviri yakavawo imwe yenheyo huru dzeuzivi hwemazuva ano. Mukuona kwaDescartes, pane musiyano mukuru pakati pepfungwa (res cogitans) nechinhu kana muviri (res extensa). Pfungwa chinhu chinofunga uye hachiwanikwe munzvimbo chaiyo, nepo muviri uri chinhu chinotevedzera mitemo yefizikisi.
Kudavira kwaDescartes kuti zvinhu zviviri zvine chekuita nepfungwa mbiri kwakaita kuti pave nenharo huru pamusoro pekuti pfungwa nemuviri zvinodyidzana sei. Kunyange hazvo vazhinji vakatsoropodza pfungwa iyi, pfungwa yekuti zvinhu zviviri zvine chekuita nepfungwa mbiri dzakagadzira nzira yekufambira mberi muuzivi hwekuziva, hwepfungwa, uye hwepfungwa. Pasina mubvunzo, mipiro yake yakachinja manzwisisiro atinoita nyaya yemunhu uye hukama hwayo nenyika yezvinhu zviri mauri.
5. Kupesvedzera Sainzi neMasvomhu
Simba raDescartes harina kungogumira pauzivi chete; mipiro yake yainzwiwawo zvakanyanya musainzi nemasvomhu. Descartes akatanga hurongwa hweCartesian coordinate, hwaibatanidza geometry nealgebra; iyi yaive nhanho huru mukuvandudzwa kwecalculus nemasvomhu emazuva ano.
Uyezve, Descartes akaita basa guru mukusimudzira nzira yesainzi. Akakurudzira kuti tsvakiridzo yesainzi inofanira kuvakirwa pakuongorora kwakarongeka uye kuyedza uye inofanira kunge iri yemakanika. Nzira iyi yakabatsira kuumba hwaro hwenzira yesainzi yemazuva ano, iyo yakazokurumbira nevanhu vakaita saIsaac Newton.
6. Kutsoropodzwa uye Kuongororazve
Kunyange zvazvo Descartes achiremekedzwa semutangi wepfungwa dzakawanda, kufunga kwake kwave kuchitsoropodzwa. Vamwe vazivi, kunyanya nyanzvi dzezvepfungwa dzakadai saJohn Locke naDavid Hume, vakaramba maonero aDescartes pamusoro pepfungwa dzekuzvarwa nadzo uye vakasimbisa kuti ruzivo rwese runobva muzviitiko.
Munguva yazvino, kufunga kwaDescartes kwemaonero maviri kwakaongororwazve mukati mepfungwa dzepfungwa. Sainzi yemazuva ano, nekufambira mberi kwayo mukunzwisisa uropi, yakamutsa mibvunzo nezvechokwadi chekuparadzaniswa kwepfungwa nemuviri. Kunyange zvakadaro, zita rekuti "Baba veUzivi hweMazuva Ano" rinonzi rakanyorwa naDescartes rinoratidza simba guru richiri kushanda uye richikurukurwa nanhasi.
7. Nhaka yaDescartes
Nhaka yaRené Descartes muuzivi hwemazuva ano yakakura uye yakadzama. Pfungwa dzake pamusoro penzira dzisina chokwadi, hunhu hwepfungwa nemuviri, uye rationalism zvave zvakakosha kumapazi mazhinji euzivi nesainzi. Basa rake rakafuridzira gakava nekufunga kwakadzama kunoratidza uzivi hwemazuva ano.
Descartes haana kungochinja mafungiro edu nezveruzivo nekuvapo chete, asiwo akapa template yemaitiro inoramba ichikurudzira vaongorori nevazivi kuti vatsvage chokwadi nenzira yakasimba uye yakarongeka. Pasinei nekutsoropodzwa kwese uye kugadziriswa kwekufunga kwake, René Descartes achiri mbiru isingatsiviwi munhoroondo yepfungwa dzepasi rose.
Mhedziso
René Descartes munhu akakosha munhoroondo yeuzivi uyo akapa mipiro yakakura mukukura kweuzivi hwemazuva ano. Kuburikidza nenzira yake yekusava nechokwadi, dualism yepfungwa nemuviri, uye maonero ake pakufunga zvine musoro, Descartes akagadzira nzira itsva dzepfungwa dzepfungwa dzinoramba dzichikurudzira nanhasi. Nhaka yake haina kungopesvedzera uzivi hwemazuva ano chete asiwo sainzi nemasvomhu, zvichiratidza kudzika kwebasa rake. Descartes, nematambudziko ake ese uye mipiro yake, acharamba ari nyaya yekudzidza nekufungisisa mukutsvaga kunzwisisa hunhu hwevanhu nenyika yatinogara.
