Maonero aDavid Hume eUzivi pamusoro peEmpiricism
David Hume, muzivi wekuScotland wezana remakore rechi18, aive munhu mukuru mutsika yeuzivi yekuongorora zvinhu. Kuongorora zvinhu pachakwo chikoro cheuzivi chinosimbisa kuti ruzivo runobva muruzivo rwepfungwa. Mumabasa ake anozivikanwa zvikuru, "A Treatise of Human Nature" uye "An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding," Hume akatsanangura kuti ruzivo runoita basa guru sei mukuumbwa kwezivo, pamwe chete nemigumisiro yakasiyana-siyana yemaonero aya.
Hume's Empirical Epistemology
Chinonyanya kukosha pamaonero aHume empiricist ipfungwa yake yekuti pfungwa dzedu dzese dzinobva mu "maonero," zviitiko zvakananga zvatinowana kuburikidza nepfungwa dzedu. Sekureva kwaHume, pfungwa dzemunhu i "tabula rasa" (slate isina chinhu) yakazadzwa neruzivo. Patinotanga kuona, kunzwa, kunhuwidza, kana kuravira chimwe chinhu, tinogamuchira maonero. Kubva mumaonero aya, pfungwa dzinoumbwa.
Mu "An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding," Hume anoita mutsauko pakati pe "pfungwa" ne "pfungwa." Pfungwa dzakasimba, dzakajeka, dzakananga, nepo pfungwa dzisina kusimba, dzisina kujeka kana kuratidzwa kwepfungwa idzodzo. Semuenzaniso, patinoona uye kubata apuro, tinova nepfungwa yaro. Zvisinei, patinozoyeuka apuro gare gare, tinova nepfungwa yaro.
Hume akaenderera mberi achiti pfungwa dzese, zvisinei nekuti dzakaoma sei, dzinogona kupatsanurwa kuita zviratidzo zviri nyore. Semuenzaniso, pfungwa ye "bhiza rine mapapiro" musanganiswa wepfungwa yebhiza nepfungwa yemapapiro. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kugona kwevanhu kugadzira pfungwa itsva kunogumira pakubatanidza, kuputsa, uye kugadzirisa mafungiro akamboonekwa.
Nheyo yeChikonzero
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvakapihwa naHume mukusimbisa pfungwa dzepfungwa ndechekuti zvinhu zvine chekuita nepfungwa iyi zvaive maonero ake pamusoro pepfungwa yekuti zvinhu zvine chekuita nepfungwa iyi zvinokonzerwa nepfungwa iyi. Mumaonero ekare ehuzivi, pfungwa iyi yaionekwa sehukama huripo pakati pechikonzero nemhedzisiro. Zvisinei, Hume akapikisa pfungwa iyi nekutaura kuti zvatinoona sehukama hwezvikonzero zvinongobva mutsika kana kuti ruzivo rwakawanda.
Semuenzaniso, patinoona bhora rebhiriyadhi rimwe richirova bhora rebhiriyadhi rechipiri uye bhora rechipiri richifamba, tinowanzoti bhora rekutanga ndiro rakakonzera kufamba kwebhora rechipiri. Zvisinei, Hume akataura kuti hatimbooni "chikonzero" chaicho; tinongoona zviitiko zvakawanda zvichiitika zvakatevedzana. Saka, chikonzero, maererano naHume, hachisi hukama hunodiwa, asi fungidziro inoitwa nepfungwa dzedu zvichibva pane zvakaongororwa kakawanda.
Maonero aya ane zvazvinoreva zvikuru pakunzwisisa kwatinoita mitemo yechisikigo neruzivo rwesainzi. Kana mitemo yechisikigo iri tsika dzakavakirwa pakucherechedza kwakadzokororwa, saka hapana vimbiso ine musoro yekuti mitemo iyi icharamba yakafanana mune ramangwana. Uku ndiko kwakavakirwa pakusava nechokwadi kwaHume nezveruzivo rwesainzi; zvisinei, Hume haarambi tsika dzesainzi, asi anotikurudzira kuti tingwarire patinenge tichiita mhedziso zvichibva pane zvakaitika muongororo.
Kutsoropodzwa kweNheyo yeKutanga
Hume anozivikanwawo nekutsoropodza kwake musimboti wekuti zvinhu zvinotanga sei, nzira yekuwana mhedziso dzakawanda kubva pane zvakacherechedzwa zvakasiyana-siyana. Semuenzaniso, kana tikaona kuti zuva rinobuda kumabvazuva mangwanani ega ega, tinowanzo gumisa kuti rinobuda kumabvazuva nguva dzose. Sekureva kwaHume, mhedziso iyi haina chikonzero chine musoro.
Kuna Hume, pfungwa yekupinza haina humbowo zvachose. Kana tikaona kapu yetii inonaka ichipisa nguva dzose, tinogona kugumisa kuti tii yese inopisa. Zvisinei, izvi zvakavakirwa chete pane zvakaitika kare kwete pane zvinonzwisisika. Saka, mhedziso dzakazara dzakavakirwa pakupinza dzinongova dzekufungidzira, kwete dzechokwadi.
Kutsoropodza kwaHume nezvekudzidzira kune zvakunoreva zvikuru panzira dzesainzi, uko kudzidzira kwakawanda. Hume haana kuda kurega kushandisa nzira dzekudzidzira, asi kutsoropodza kwake kunotiyeuchidza nezvemiganhu yenzira yekudzidzisa uye kukosha kwekuzviziva pakutsvaga ruzivo rwesainzi.
Nyaya dzeKuzivikanwa kweVashandi
Chimwe chinhu chinokosha pakufunga nezvaHume ndechekuti maonero ake pamusoro pehunhu hwake ndeekuti munhu wacho anozviti ndewerudzii. Hume aisava nechokwadi nepfungwa yekuti pane munhu 'anogara' uye anogara aripo. Kuna Hume, patinoedza kuzvifungisisa, tinowana chete maonero nepfungwa dzinochinja, dzakadai sekurwadziwa, mufaro, pfungwa, nemanzwiro. Hapana munhu 'anogara aripo' asi muunganidzwa wezviitiko zvemunhu mumwe nemumwe.
Maonero aya, zvechokwadi, anopesana nepfungwa yakajairika yekuzivikanwa kwemunhu, iyo inoona munhu semunhu akabatana uye anoramba aripo. Hume anotikurudzira kuti tive nekusava nechokwadi nepfungwa yekuti 'I' akamira uye panzvimbo pezvo tifunge nezvekuzivikanwa kwemunhu semhedzisiro yezviitiko izvi zvinongoerekana zvaitika.
Tsika Nemanzwiro
Chimwe chinhu chinonakidza pamusoro pemaonero aHume maonero ake etsika. Kusiyana nevakamutangira, avo vakataura kuti tsika dzakavakirwa pakufunga kana mutemo waMwari, Hume akataura kuti tsika dzakabatana zvikuru nemanzwiro evanhu. Sekureva kwaHume, kutonga kwetsika kunobva pamanzwiro ekufara kana kusafara kwatinosangana nako kune zvimwe zviito.
Hume akataura kuti kufunga chete hakugoni kuva tsime rezviito zvetsika. Kufunga kunogona kungopa ruzivo nezvechokwadi asi hakugoni kupa chikonzero chekuita chimwe chinhu. Pane kudaro, manzwiro kana manzwiro ndiwo anonyanya kutikurudzira kuita tsika. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti tsika, mumaonero aHume, dzinonyanya kuenderana nepfungwa uye manzwiro kupfuura chokwadi uye zvine musoro.
Mhedziso
David Hume akapa maonero epfungwa akasimba pamusoro pepfungwa dzekufungidzira (empiricism) ayo akachinja zvinobudirira manzwisisiro atinoita ruzivo, chikonzero, hunhu hwemunhu, uye tsika. Nekusimbisa ruzivo senzvimbo huru yeruzivo, Hume akapa hwaro hwakasimba hwepfungwa dzekuongorora (empiricism) uku achipikisa fungidziro dzaimbogamuchirwa. Kuburikidza nekusava nechokwadi kwakadzama, Hume haana kungopfumisa tsika dzekuongorora (empiricism) chete asiwo akapa maonero akanyanya kukosha uye anofunga nezvemiganhu uye mikana yeruzivo rwevanhu.
Saka, maonero aHume pamusoro pepfungwa dzekufungidzira achiri kushanda nanhasi, achitikoka kuti tive vakangwarira uye vanotsoropodza mukuongorora manyuko uye chokwadi cheruzivo rwedu. Semunhu anonyatsoongorora pfungwa dzekuongorora, David Hume anotikurudzira kuti tigare tichidzokera kune zvakaitika sehwaro hukuru hwekuvaka kunzwisisa kwedu nyika.
