Ko te taitara: Te Ariā a Schumpeter: Te Tūhura i te Auahatanga me ngā Āhuatanga o te Pūtea Matua
Pendahuluan
Ko te ariā a Schumpeter, i puta mai i te mahi a te tohunga ōhanga rongonui a Joseph Schumpeter, e tuku ana i ngā māramatanga hohonu ki te āhua o te auahatanga e akiaki ana i ngā whanaketanga o te pūnaha pūtea. I whānau mai i Moravia, he wāhanga o te Czech Republic ināianei, i te tau 1883, ko Schumpeter tētahi o ngā kaitōrangapū ōhanga matua o te rautau 20. Ko tētahi o ana takoha tino whai mana ko tana whakaaro mō te tūranga o ngā kaipakihi me te auahatanga ki te akiaki i ngā ōhanga pūnaha pūtea. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga ngā āhuatanga rerekē o te ariā a Schumpeter, inā koa ko tana ariā mō te 'whakangaromanga auaha' me te tūranga o ngā kaipakihi hei kaiwhakahaere o te huringa ōhanga.
He Kupu Whakataki ki te Ariā a Schumpeter
I titiro a Schumpeter ki te pūnaha tāke moni hei pūnaha hihiri e huri haere tonu ana, e akiakihia ana e te auahatanga me ngā hangarau hou. Kāore i rite ki te nuinga o ngā tohunga ōhanga o tōna wā, i titiro ki te ōhanga i runga i te taurite, i tautohe a Schumpeter kāore te ōhanga i te tino pumau. Engari, i whakaaro ia kei roto tonu te ōhanga i te tukanga whanaketanga nā te kore pumau i puta mai i te auahatanga.
E ai ki a Schumpeter, he maha ngā āhua o te auahatanga: he hua hou, he tikanga whakaputa hou, he mākete hou, me ngā momo whakahaere hou. Ko ēnei auahatanga e akiakihia ana e ngā kaipakihi e whakamātau ana, e whakauru ana i ngā whakaaro e whakarerekē ana i te huarahi e hangaia ai, e hokohokohia ai rānei ngā taonga me ngā ratonga.
Te Whakangaromanga Auaha
Ko te ariā o te 'whakangaromanga auaha' te kaupapa matua o te ariā a Schumpeter, ā, e pā ana ki te tukanga e whakangaromia ai e ngā auahatanga hou ngā ahumahi, ngā kamupene rānei o nāianei, e whakatakoto ana i te ara mō te ahunga whakamua o te ōhanga. Ahakoa he mamae tēnei tukanga, me te ngaronga o ngā mahi me te haumitanga o nāianei, i whakapono a Schumpeter he wāhanga nui tēnei o te tipu ōhanga mō te wā roa.
Ko te whakangaromanga auaha e whakaahua ana i te āhua o te whakakorenga o ngā mea tawhito e ngā hangarau hou me ngā auahatanga. Hei tauira, nā te taenga mai o te motuka i whakakapi te hariata hōiho, ā, nō nā tata nei, nā te taenga mai o te ipurangi i tino whakarerekē te ao pāpāho me te hokohoko. Ahakoa kua ngaro ngā mahi i ētahi rāngai, kua huaki ake hoki ngā whai wāhitanga mahi me ngā ahumahi hou.
Te Tūranga o ngā Kaipakihi
I whakatūria e Schumpeter ngā kaipakihi ki waenganui o te tukanga auaha. Ki tāna titiro, ko ngā kaipakihi he kaiwhakahaere huringa e tautuhi ana, e whakamahi ana hoki i ngā whai wāhitanga hei waihanga uara hou. Ko rātou te hunga e whiti ana i ngā rohe tuku iho hei waihanga hua me ngā ratonga kāore anō kia puta i mua.
E ai ki a Schumpeter, ehara i te mea he kaihanga hangarau anake ngā kaipakihi engari he kaiwhakahaere mōrearea, he kaiārahi whakahihiko hoki. Ka taea e rātou te kite i tua atu i te āhua o nāianei, me te matapae i tētahi heke mai rerekē. Mā te whakamahi i ēnei pūkenga, ka whakakorengia e rātou ngā mākete o nāianei, ka hangaia he huringa hou o te hokohoko me te haumi.
Ngā Ahumahi Huringa Pakihi
Kei roto hoki i ngā mahi a Schumpeter tētahi tirohanga ahurei mō ngā huringa pakihi. I tautohe ia he maha ngā ngaru e puta mai ana i ngā auahatanga, e arahi ana ki ngā huringa o te whānui me te whakahekenga o te ōhanga. Ina whakaurua mai ngā auahatanga nui, ka akiakihia e rātou ngā wā o te tipu ōhanga kaha. Heoi, i te horapa o ēnei auahatanga, ā, ka tīmata ki te aukati i te kaha tāpiri, ki te whakataetae rānei, ka puhoi te tipu, ā, ka mutu, ka arahi ki te hokinga whakamuri.
Ahakoa te āhua whakangaro o tēnei huringa, he huarahi tēnei mā te ōhanga ki te whakahou i a ia anō me te pupuri i te tere tipu mō te wā roa. Ki tā Schumpeter, he mea tika ngā hokinga whakamuri hei neke i ngā rauemi mai i ngā ahumahi e heke ana ki ngā ahumahi hou, hihiri ake, whai hua ake.
Te Arotake me te Hiranga o te Ariā a Schumpeter
Pērā i ngā ariā ōhanga nui katoa, kua whakahēngia ngā whakaaro o Schumpeter. E kī ana ētahi kairīti ko te tirohanga a Schumpeter mō te whakangaromanga auaha he mea kore e aro ki ngā pānga pāpori o te huringa ōhanga tere, tae atu ki te kore mahi me te horapa o te kore taurite. Hei tāpiri, ko tana whakanui i ngā kaipakihi hei kaiārahi matua o te auahatanga ka kitea i ētahi wā he kore e aro ki te mahi tahi me te auahatanga ā-whare.
Heoi anō, kei te whai tikanga tonu ngā ariā a Schumpeter mō te auahatanga me te whakangaromanga auaha i ēnei rā. I roto i te ao pakihi me te hangarau e tere haere ana, ka kitea te whakangaromanga auaha puta noa i ngā momo ahumahi. He tauira mārama ko te umanga hangarau mōhiohio, ka taea te whakakapi wawe i ngā kamupene nui e ngā kamupene hou auaha. Waihoki, i roto i te umanga pūngao, kei te hurihia te whenua pūngao o te ao e ngā auahatanga i roto i te pūngao whakahou.
Whakamutunga
Mā te ariā a Schumpeter ka kitea he tirohanga hihiri, he tirohanga whakamua hoki mō te pūnaha tāpua. Mā te whakaatu i te tūranga o te auahatanga me ngā kaipakihi, ka tukuna e Schumpeter he anga kaha mō te mārama ki te huringa me te tipu o te ōhanga. Ahakoa he tautohenga te ariā o te whakangaromanga auaha, e whakanui ana i te hiranga o te urutau me te pumau i roto i tētahi pūnaha ōhanga e huri haere tonu ana.
I roto i te horopaki o ēnei rā, i te wā e tere haere ana te huringa hangarau me te ao whānui, ka āwhina ngā whakaaro o Schumpeter i a tātou ki te mārama ki te tukanga whanaketanga ōhanga. Mā te arotake tonu i te pānga o ngā auahatanga ki te ahumahi me te hapori, ka taea e tātou te whakarite pai ake ki te aro atu ki ngā wero me ngā whai wāhitanga kei mua. Ehara i te ariā ōhanga anake, he aratohu ngā whakaaro o Schumpeter mō te whakatere i tētahi ao e peia ana e te auahatanga me te huringa.
