Ariā Tipu Ā-roto: Te Wetewete i te Tikanga o te Tipu Ōhanga mai i Roto
Pendahuluan
I roto i ngā rangahau ōhanga, ko tētahi āhuatanga nui e aro tonuhia ana e ngā tohunga ōhanga me ngā kaihanga kaupapa here ko te tipu ōhanga. Me pēhea e taea ai e tētahi whenua, e tētahi rohe rānei te whakatutuki i ngā pikinga pumau o te whiwhinga moni me te kounga o te oranga o ōna tāngata? I roto i ngā ariā maha e ngana ana ki te whakamārama i tēnei āhuatanga, kei te pupuri te ariā tipu taketake i tētahi tūranga ahurei, e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga ā-roto e akiaki ana i te tipu ōhanga.
He Kupu Whakataki ki te Ariā Tipu Taketake
I puta ake te ariā tipu taketake hei whakautu i ngā herenga o te ariā tipu neoclassical, i whakawhirinaki nui ki ngā āhuatanga o waho pērā i te tipu o te taupori me te kohikohinga whakapaipai hei kaupapa matua mō te tipu ōhanga. I roto i te ariā neoclassical, i kiia te ahunga whakamua hangarau he āhuatanga o waho kāore e taea te whakamārama e te tauira, engari i roto i te mahi, ko te whanaketanga hangarau he hua o te haumi, te kaupapa here, me te kaupapa tangata.
E kī ana te ariā tipu ā-roto he mea nui ngā āhuatanga ā-roto pēnei i te auahatanga, te haumi ki te rangahau me te whanaketanga (R&D), ngā whakapainga o te kounga rauemi tangata, me ngā kaupapa here me ngā umanga ōhanga ki te whakatau i te tere tipu ōhanga mō te wā roa. E whakaatu ana tēnei ariā i te tirohanga ka puta te tipu ōhanga mai i ngā tukanga ā-rohe e hanga ana i ngā whakaaro, i ngā hangarau, me te whakapiki tonu i te hua.
Tauira Taketake o te Ariā Tipu Taketake
Ko tētahi o ngā tauira matua o te ariā tipu ā-roto ko te tauira AK, i whakawhanakehia e ngā tohunga ōhanga pērā i a Paul Romer rāua ko Robert Lucas. Ko te whakaaro matua o tēnei tauira ko te kore e heke te tere o te hokinga mai o te haumitanga i roto i te wā, he rerekē ki te tirohanga neoclassical e kī ana he heke te tere o te hokinga mai o te haumitanga. E whakanui ana tēnei tauira i te hiranga o te haumi ki te mātauranga me te auahatanga, ka taea te akiaki i te tipu ōhanga tonu.
Ko tētahi atu tauira rongonui ko te tauira a Romer, e whakaatu ana i te auahatanga me te hangarau hei hua o te haumi ki te R&D. I roto i tēnei tauira, e whakaatu ana a Romer ka hangaia e ngā umanga me ngā tāngata takitahi e uru ana ki te R&D he "mōhiotanga hou," ka whakapiki ake i te hua me te akiaki i te tipu ōhanga. Kāore e taea te whakataetae i tēnei mōhiotanga, ā, ka taea te whakakore, ko te tikanga ina oti te hanga, ka taea e ngā rōpū maha te whakamahi me te kore e whakaiti i tōna uara.
Te Tūranga o te Auahatanga me te Hangarau
Ko tētahi o ngā pou matua o te ariā tipu ā-roto ko te aro nui ki te auahatanga me te hangarau hei kaiārahi i te tipu. Ehara i te mea ko ngā mahi auaha anake e kapi ana i ngā mea hou engari ko ngā whakapainga ki ngā hua me ngā tukanga o nāianei. Ka whakanui ake ēnei kaupapa i te whai huatanga me te whakawhānui ake i ngā āheinga whakaputa, ā, ka akiaki i te tipu ōhanga.
Hei tauira, kua huakina e te hangarau whānui ngā whai wāhitanga ōhanga hou mā te whakanui ake i te hononga me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ā-ao. Ko ngā auahatanga i roto i te hangarau mōhiohio me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, te hangarau koiora, me te pūngao whakahou he tauira tūturu o te huarahi e akiaki ai ngā whanaketanga hangarau i te tipu ōhanga pumau.
Te Hiranga o te Pūtea Tangata
E whakaarohia ana hoki e te ariā tipu ā-roto te pūtea tangata—te mātauranga, ngā pūkenga, me te hauora o te tangata takitahi—hei mea matua i roto i te tukanga tipu. Ka whakapai ake te mātauranga me te whakangungu i ngā pūkenga me te hua o te hunga mahi, ā, ka pā pai tēnei ki te putanga ōhanga. Nō reira, he rautaki nui te haumi ki te mātauranga me te hauora hei whakatairanga i te tipu ōhanga ā-roto.
Ko ngā tauira tūturu o te haumi ki te pūtea tangata ko ngā kaupapa here mātauranga whānui me te urunga atu ki te hauora utu tika. Ko ngā whenua he kaha ā rātou pūnaha mātauranga me te hauora kounga teitei ake te tipu ōhanga nā te mea he nui ake te hua me te auaha o te hunga mahi mātauranga me te hauora.
Te Tūranga o ngā Kaupapahere me ngā Whare Whakahaere
He mea nui anō hoki ngā kaupapa here a te kāwanatanga me te kounga o ngā umanga i roto i te ariā tipu ā-roto. Ko ngā kaupapa here e tautoko ana i te rangahau me te whanaketanga, e tiaki ana i ngā mana pupuri hinengaro, e whakarato ana i ngā whakatenatena mō te auahatanga ka taea te whakatairanga i te tipu ōhanga. Mā ngā umanga kaha, pērā i te pūnaha ture tika me te whai hua me te rāngai pūtea mārama me te pumau, ka hangaia he taiao pai mō ngā mahi ōhanga me te auahatanga.
Ko ngā tauira o tēnei whakatinanatanga ko ngā kaupapa here tautoko mō te R&D, ngā whakatenatena taake mō ngā kamupene e whakangao anō ana i ā rātou hua ki te auahatanga, me te tautoko i ngā pakihi iti me te rahi (SME) ki te uru atu ki ngā hangarau me ngā mākete hou.
Te Akoranga Take me te Whakatinanatanga
Hei tauira, ko ngā whenua Nordic pērā i a Finland me Sweden e whakahuatia ana hei tauira angitu o te whakamahinga o ngā huānga o te ariā tipu taketake. Nā ā rātou haumitanga nui ki te mātauranga, ki te R&D, me ngā kaupapa here pāpori-ōhanga whakauru kua hua ake he tipu ōhanga pumau me te pumau.
I Āhia, he tauira anō hoki a Kōrea ki te Tonga o tētahi whenua kua angitu te whakamahi i tēnei ariā. Nā te haumitanga ki te mātauranga me te hangarau me te tautoko kaha mō te umanga R&D, kua huri a Kōrea ki te Tonga mai i tētahi whenua iti te whiwhinga moni ki tētahi o ngā ōhanga tino matatau o te ao i roto noa i ngā tekau tau torutoru.
Te Arotake i te Ariā Tipu Tangata Whenua
Ahakoa ngā māramatanga whai hua e whakaratohia ana, kāore i te kore he whakahē a te ariā tipu taketake. Ko ētahi o ngā whakahē matua e aro ana ki ngā whakaaro tino pai rawa atu mō te whai huatanga o ngā kaupapa here me ngā umanga. Hei tāpiri, e kiia ana te tauira kāore e tino mōhio ki ngā āhuatanga o waho pērā i te taiao o te ao me te koretake o te ao tōrangapū, e awe ana hoki i te tipu o te ōhanga.
Te Katinga
Mā te ariā tipu ā-roto e whakarato he anga whai kiko mō te mārama ki ngā whanaketanga o te tipu ōhanga mai i roto i te pūnaha ōhanga. Mā te whakaatu i te hiranga o te auahatanga, te pūtea tangata, ngā kaupapa here, me ngā umanga, ka āwhina tēnei ariā i ngā kaihanga kaupapa here me ngā kaipūtea ki te hanga rautaki whai hua hei whakatutuki i te tipu ōhanga pumau mō te wā roa. Heoi, he mea nui kia mōhio ko te whakamahinga o tēnei ariā me whakarerekē me te whakauru ki ngā āhuatanga ā-rohe me ngā wero o te ao kia angitu ai te whakatairanga i te tipu ōhanga tino pai.
