Ariā Matarohia: Te Mārama ki ngā Kaupapa Taketake o te Whakaaro Ōhanga Tuku Iho
Pendahuluan
Ko te ariā ōhanga tawhito e pā ana ki tētahi huinga whakaaro me ngā mātāpono i whakawhanakehia e ngā tohunga ōhanga i te mutunga o te rautau 18 me te tīmatanga o te rautau 19. E kiia ana tēnei ariā he tūāpapa nui mō te hanganga o te ōhanga hou, ā, e whakatū ana i ngā ariā matua maha e whai pānga tonu ana ki tēnei rā. Ko te whāinga o tēnei tuhinga he ruku hohonu ake ki te ariā tawhito, ngā kaituhi matua, me tōna pānga ki tēnei rā.
Te Pūtake o te Ariā Matarohia
Ko te ariā tawhito i ahu mai i te Wā Māramatanga o Ūropi, he wā i tīmata ai te whakaaro whaitake me te pūtaiao ki te whakahaere i ngā āhuatanga maha o te māramatanga tangata, tae atu ki te ōhanga. Ko tētahi o ngā mahi tino nui, e kiia ana ko te pūtake o te ariā ōhanga tawhito, ko te mahi a Adam Smith i te tau 1776, "The Wealth of Nations." I roto i āna mahi, i whakamārama a Smith i ngā ariā pēnei i ngā mākete kore utu, te whai huatanga, me te wehewehenga o te mahi.
Ngā Pūāhua Matua
Haunga a Adam Smith, he maha atu anō ngā tino tangata i whai wāhi ki te whanaketanga o te ariā tawhito. Ko ētahi o ēnei ko:
1. David Ricardo: E mōhiotia ana a Ricardo mō tana ariā mō te painga whakataurite me te mahi hokohoko kore utu. I tautohe ia me aro nui ngā whenua ki te whakaputa taonga ka taea e rātou te whakaputa me te whai hua ake i ērā atu whenua. He tūāpapa nui tonu tēnei ariā i roto i te tātaritanga o te hokohoko ā-ao.
2. Thomas Malthus: E mōhiotia ana a Malthus mō tana ariā e kī ana ko te tipu o te taupori he nui ake i te hua ahuwhenua, ka arahi pea tēnei ki te koretake me te rawakore. E mōhiotia ana tēnei ariā ko te mahanga Malthusian, ā, kua awe i ngā kaupapa here taupori i roto i ngā whenua maha.
3. John Stuart Mill: Nā Mill i whakawhanake te ariā o te whai huatanga i roto i te horopaki o te ōhanga matarohia, ā, i whakarato hoki i ētahi atu māramatanga ki te whanaungatanga i waenga i te whakaputa, te tohatoha, me te kai.
Ngā Mātāpono Taketake
E hangai ana te ariā tawhito ki ētahi mātāpono matua, tae atu ki:
– Mākete Koreutu: E tino whakanui ana te ariā tawhito i te mākete kore utu e whakatauhia ana ngā utu o ngā taonga me ngā ratonga e te tuku me te tono, me te kore he wawaotanga a te kāwanatanga. I whakapono ngā tohunga ōhanga tawhito he kaha ngā mākete ki te whakahaere i a rātou anō mā te mea i huaina e rātou ko te "ringa kore e kitea."
– Te Ture a Say: I kī a Jean-Baptiste Say "mā te tuku e hanga tōna ake tono." Ko te tikanga ka hanga aunoatia e te whakaputanga he moni whiwhi hei hoko i aua taonga, ka whakakorea te tūponotanga o te raruraru roa o te whakaputanga nui rawa.
– Te Wehenga Mahi: Nā Adam Smith i whakauru te ariā o te wehenga mahi hei tikanga hei whakapiki i te whai huatanga me te hua. Mā tēnei wehenga mahi ka taea te motuhaketanga, ā, ka piki ake te putanga.
Te Arotake i te Ariā Matarohia
Ahakoa kua noho te ariā tawhito hei tūāpapa mō te whanaketanga o te ōhanga, kāore i āraihia e ngā whakahē. Ko tētahi o ngā whakahē nui i ahu mai i ngā tohunga neoclassical me Keynesian. Hei tauira, i whakahē a John Maynard Keynes i te whakaaro ka taea e ngā mākete te taurite i a rātou anō. E ai ki a Keynes, he mea tika te wawao a te kāwanatanga i ētahi wā hei whakatika i ngā kore taurite pēnei i te kore mahi nui me te pōuri ohaoha. E whakanui ana te Keynesianism i te hiranga o te tono whānui ki te whakatau i te taumata o ngā mahi ōhanga.
E kiia ana hoki te ariā tawhito he tino māmā rawa te māramatanga ki ngā whanaketanga ōhanga. Hei tauira, ko te whakaaro ko te katoa o ngā tāngata e mahi ana me te whakaaro tika, ā, he tino tika ā rātou mōhiohio, kua whakahēngia mō te kore e whakaata i te mooni i ngā wā katoa. I roto i te mahi, he maha ngā āhuatanga hinengaro me te pāpori e awe ana i ngā whakataunga ōhanga takitahi.
Te Hiranga o te Ariā Matarohia i ēnei Rā
Ahakoa ngā whakahē maha, he maha ngā ariā mai i te ariā tawhito e whai tikanga tonu ana i roto i te tātaritanga ōhanga o ēnei rā. Ko ngā mātāpono pēnei i ngā mākete kore utu me te painga whakataurite he mea nui tonu ki te whakatakoto kaupapa here ōhanga i roto i te maha o ngā whenua. Ko te whakamahinga o te hokohoko i te ao matihiko me te putanga mai o ngā moni matihiko, hei tauira, kei te whakamahi tonu i ētahi o ngā mātāpono taketake o te uara me te whakawhitiwhiti i tautokona e ngā kaiwhakaū o te ariā tawhito.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, kei te whakamahia tonutia te ariā o te wehewehenga mahi i roto i ngā pūnaha whakaputa hou, ā, he maha ngā wā ka wehewehea e ngā kamupene nunui ā rātou mahi ki ngā mahi motuhake hei whakapiki i te whai huatanga. I te ao whānui, ko te ariā hokohoko ā-ao, i ahu mai i ngā whakaaro tawhito, kei te noho tonu hei mātāpono ārahi mō te nuinga o ngā tātaritanga ōhanga o te ao.
Ko te ariā tawhito hoki te tūāpapa mō ngā tauira ōhanga o ēnei rā, ā, ko ōna ariā taketake ka āwhina i te hanga i te anga mō te whakaaro ki te mahi a te ōhanga. Ahakoa kua tino rerekē te ao mai i te wā o Adam Smith, ko ngā mātāpono matua o te ariā tawhito he wāhanga nui tonu o te ako me te whakamahinga o te ōhanga.
Whakamutunga
Ko te ariā ōhanga tawhito e tuku ana i ngā māramatanga taketake hei tūāpapa mō ngā whakaaro ōhanga o ēnei rā. Mai i ngā mātāpono o ngā mākete kore utu ki te ariā o te wehenga mahi, he maha tonu o ēnei whakaaro e whai mana ana i ēnei rā. Heoi, he mea nui kia mōhio ki ōna herenga me te tāpiri i ō tātou māramatanga ki ngā ariā o muri mai. Mā tēnei ka taea e tātou te hanga i tētahi anga tātari whānui ake hei mārama ki ngā uauatanga o te ōhanga o te ao o ēnei rā. Ahakoa kua neke atu i te rua rau tau te pakeke o te ariā tawhito, he pou nui tonu ia mō te ako ōhanga.
