Ngā Akoranga Ahupūngao Taketake

1. Te wā o te korekore o te matūriki

Arotakehia tētahi matūriki e hurihuri ana. Ka hoatu te kaha F ki te matūriki he papatipu m, kia hurihuri ai te matūriki i te tuaka O. Kei te wehe te matūriki i te tuaka hurihuri mā te r. Tuatahi, kei te okioki te matūriki (v = 0). I muri i te nekehanga mā te kaha o F, ka neke ngā matūriki me tētahi tere kia tere ai te whakaterenga o ngā matūriki. Ko te whanaungatanga i waenga i te kaha (F), te papatipu (m), me te whakaterenga o ngā matūriki e whakaatuhia ana e te whārite 3:

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Te Whakamāramatanga o te Auhiko Hiko

I roto i tētahi kaiārahi pēnei i te parahi, kei reira ngā irahiko e neke matapōkere ana i te tere nui me te kore e mawhiti i te konganuku. Ko ngā irahiko e taea te neke noa ka kiia he irahiko kore utu. Ahakoa e neke noa ana ngā irahiko i ngā taha katoa, kāore he rere katoa o ngā irahiko i tētahi taha. Ka puta tēnei āhuatanga ina kāore he rerekētanga pūmanawa i waenga i ngā pito e rua o te waea parahi.

Ina honoa te waea ki tētahi pūtake hiko, ka puta he rerekētanga pūmanawa i waenganui i ngā pito e rua o te waea parahi, ā, ka puta he mara hiko i roto i te waea parahi. Mā te noho o tētahi mara hiko ka pāngia ngā irahiko kore utu e te kaha hiko F = q E = e E, ko F = kaha hiko , e = utu irahiko, E = mara hiko . Mā tēnei kaha hiko ka tere haere ngā irahiko katoa e neke haere noa ana, he rite tonu te ahunga ki te kaha hiko.

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He tuhinga mō te Whakamāramatanga o te pūnga

Ko te whakamāramatanga o te pūnga hiko he taputapu e penapena ana i te utu hiko me te pūngao pūmanawa hiko. Ko te pūnga hiko māmā he pereti, he rau rānei e rua ngā kaiārahi hiko e whakanohoia tata ana tetahi ki tetahi engari kāore e pā tetahi ki tetahi, ā, e wehea ana e te ārai hiko, e te korehau rānei. Ko ngā kaiārahi hiko he rauemi e taea ai te kawe i te iahiko hiko pērā i te konganuku, ko ngā ārai hiko he rauemi kāore e taea te kawe i te iahiko hiko pērā i te kirihou.

I te tīmatanga, kāore ngā kaiārahi e rua i te whai utu hiko, i te kore rānei e whai utu hiko. Kia whai utu pai tetahi kaiārahi, kia whai utu kino tetahi atu kaiārahi, me whakawhiti ngā irahiko mai i tētahi kaiārahi ki tētahi atu. Kei runga i te mata o te ngota ngā irahiko, nō reira he ngāwari te neke. I muri i te nekenga o ngā irahiko mai i tētahi kaiārahi ki tētahi atu, he nui rawa ngā irahiko o tētahi o ngā kaiārahi (te kore o ngā porotana).

kia kino ai te utu, engari he iti te irahiko o te kaiārahi (he nui rawa te pūrotana) kia pai ai te utu. Ka arotakehia he whakaahuatanga taipitopito o te tukanga utu hiko i runga i ngā pūnga hiko mō te kaupapa o te penapena pūngao hiko i roto i ngā pūnga hiko.

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Te whakamāramatanga o te pūmanawa hiko

Ko te pūmanawa hiko te tikanga o te pūngao pūmanawa hiko mō ia wae utu. Mehemea kei te pūwāhi a, ko te pūngao pūmanawa hiko o te utu q he rite ki te EP _a , kātahi ka hangaia te pūmanawa hiko i te pūwāhi a penei:

V = pūmanawa hiko, EP = pūngao pūmanawa hiko, q = utu hiko

Ehara i te mea kei te pūwāhi a anake a V engari kei ngā pūwāhi katoa o te mara hiko. Hei tauira, ka whakamahia te pūwāhi a. Ka whakamāramahia i muri mai, kāore te V e whakawhirinaki ki te utu q.

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He tuhinga mō te pūngao pūmanawa hiko

I mua i te ako i tēnei kaupapa, me mārama tuatahi ki te mahi, ki ngā kaha pūmau, ki te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā kaha pūmau me te pūngao pūmanawa , ngā kaha hiko me te mara hiko.

Ko te kaha hiko te kaha pūmau

Haunga te kaha ā-papa me te kaha puna, ko tētahi atu tauira o te kaha pūmau ko te kaha hiko. Kia mārama ake ai koe he aha i kiia ai te kaha hiko ko te kaha pūmau, kia mārama ki te whakamārama e whai ake nei.

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He tuhinga mō te whakatau i te mara hiko mā te whakamahi i te ture Gauss

Papa hiko mā te utunga pūwāhi kotahi

Hei tatau i te āpure hiko e puta mai ana i tētahi utu pai kotahi, ko te taahiraa tuatahi ko te tīpako i te mata porowhita o Gauss me te radius r kei reira te pokapū o te porowhita i te utu kotahi. Ko te horahanga o te mata o te pōro he 4πr.².

Ka uru te āpure hiko e puta mai ana i waenganui o te porowhita ki te mata o te porowhita, ā, ko te tātai o te rerenga hiko ko Φ = E A. Ko te tātai o te ture a Gauss ko Φ = Q/ε _o.

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He tuhinga mō te ture a Gauss

Mō te ture a Coulomb , kua akohia te kaha i waenga i ngā utu hiko. I roto i tētahi arotake o te mara hiko, kua matapakihia tētahi atu momo o te ture a Coulomb, e whakaatuhia ana e te whārite F = q E,

ko F te kaha hiko, ko q te utu hiko, ā, ko E te mara hiko. Ka taea te kī ko te ture a Coulomb he ture ahupūngao e whakamārama ana i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te utu hiko (q) me te mara hiko (E).

Ko te ture a Gauss tētahi atu ture ahupūngao e whakamārama ana i te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā utu hiko me ngā mara hiko. Nā Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855), he tohunga ahupūngao ariā me te tohunga pāngarau Tiamana, i tito te ture a Gauss.

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Te whakamāramatanga o te rerenga hiko

Mō te mara hiko, kua kōrerohia te whakamāramatanga me te whārite o te mara hiko ka taea te whakamahi hei tatau i te kaha o te mara hiko e puta mai ana i tētahi utu hiko, i ētahi utu hiko, i tētahi tohatoha utu hiko rānei. Ka taea te whakaoti ngāwari i te tatau i te kaha o te mara hiko e puta mai ana i tētahi utu hiko, i ētahi utu hiko rānei mā te whakamahi i te tātai o te kaha o te mara hiko. Mēnā ko te kaha o te mara hiko e tatauhia ana e puta mai ana i tētahi tohatoha utu hiko, ka uaua ake te tatau mēnā ka whakamahia te tātai mō te kaha o te mara hiko, engari he māmā ake te whakamahi i te ture a Gauss . I mua i te ako hohonu i te ture a Gauss, me mārama tuatahi ki te rerenga hiko nā te ariā o te rerenga hiko e whakamahia ana i roto i te ture a Gauss.

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He tuhinga mō te mara hiko

Mō te kaupapa o te utu hiko, i akohia ko ngā utu rite ka pana tetahi i tetahi, ko ngā utu rerekē ia ka kukume tetahi i tetahi. Mēnā ka whakatatahia he mea utu pai ki tetahi mea utu kino, ka kukume ngā mea e rua kia neke tetahi ki tetahi. I tetahi atu taha, ki te whakatatahia he mea utu pai ki tetahi mea utu pai, ka pana nga mea e rua tetahi ki tetahi kia neke atu tetahi i tetahi. E ai ki te ako mō te ture a Coulomb, ka taea e ngā mea utu hiko te whakatere i ētahi atu mea utu hiko nā te mea he kaha hiko kei waenganui i ēnei mea utu hiko. Ko te kaha hiko e tukuna ana e te mea utu hiko ki runga i ētahi atu mea utu hiko he tauira o te kaha ka taea te mahi me te kore e pā. Ko tētahi atu tauira o te kaha ka taea te mahi i tawhiti ko te kaha o te kaha ā-papatipu . Ka tukuna te kaha ā-papatipu e te mea papatipu ki runga i ētahi atu mea papatipu.

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