He Whakamārama mō ngā Irahiko me ngā Pūrotana
Ko te mārama ki ngā poraka hanga taketake o te matū he poutokomanawa o te pūtaiao hou. Kei te ngākau o te ariā ngota ngā irahiko me ngā pūrotana, arā, ngā wāhanga e hanga ana i te whanonga me ngā āhuatanga o ngā ngota. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga te āhua, ngā āhuatanga, me te hiranga o ngā irahiko me ngā pūrotana, e whakaatu ana i te kanikani uaua e takarohia ana i roto i te ao o ngā matūriki iti-ngota.
Te Kitea o ngā Irahiko me ngā Pūrotana
Hikohiko
I te tau 1897, i kitea tuatahitia ngā irahiko e te tohunga ahupūngao Piritana a JJ Thomson. Nā ngā whakamātautau a Thomson ki ngā hihi katote i huraina te noho o ngā matūriki utu kino he iti ake i ngā ngota. Nā tana kitenga i tohu he panonitanga tauira ki te mārama ki te hanganga ngota, i arahina ai ki te whanaketanga o te tauira irahiko e porowhita ana ngā irahiko i te karihi, he rite ki ngā aorangi huri noa i tētahi whetu.
Pararone
I te tau 1917, i kitea ngā porotana e Ernest Rutherford mā roto i āna mahi ki ngā matūriki ārepa. I tana tirotiro i te whanonga o ēnei matūriki ina pā ki tētahi ūnga motuhake, ka whakatau a Rutherford me whai matua pūmau, he pūmau hoki te utu. I kitea ko tēnei pūtake he mea tito mai i ngā porotana, he pūmau te utu o ia pūmau e taurite ana i te utu kino o ngā irahiko.
Ngā Āhuatanga Taketake o ngā Irahiko
He matūriki iti-atomika ngā irahiko, ā, ko te taumaha he tata ki te 9.109 x 10^-31 kirokaramu, arā, he tata ki te 1/1836 te taumaha o te porotoni. He utu kino kei a rātou he 1.602 x 10^-19 coulombs. Kei ngā rohe huri noa i te karihi e mōhiotia ana ko ngā kapua irahiko, ko ngā porowhita rānei, kei reira rātou i ngā taumata pūngao e ai ki ngā mātāpono o te miihini irahiko.
Whirihoranga Irahiko me te Hangarau Irahiko
Nā te hangarau matū i huri te māramatanga ki te whanonga irahiko, mā te whakaurunga mai o te ariā o ngā kiato tūponotanga kaua ki ngā porowhita pumau. Kei roto i ngā irahiko ngā taumata pūngao motuhake, ngā anga rānei, e tohua ana ko K, L, M, me ētahi atu, me te piki haere o te tawhiti mai i te karihi. Ko te whakaritenga o ngā irahiko i roto i ēnei anga me ngā anga iti (s, p, d, f) e whakatau ana i ngā āhuatanga matū o te ngota.
He rite ngā āhuatanga o ngā irahiko ki te matūriki me te ngaru, e ai ki te ariā a de Broglie, ā, e whakaatuhia ana e ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te diffraction o ngā irahiko. He mea nui tēnei āhua takirua ki te whanonga o ngā irahiko i roto i ngā ngota me ngā ngota, e arahi ana ki te hanganga o ngā hononga matū, te mimiti me te tukunga o te mārama, me ētahi atu taunekeneke tauine-ngota.
Ngā Āhuatanga Taketake o ngā Pūrotana
Ko ngā porotene he matūriki iti-atomika e kitea ana i roto i te karihi o te ngota, me te papatipu o te 1.673 x 10^-27 kirokaramu, tata ki te 1836 ngā wā o te papatipu o te irahiko. He utu pai kei ia porotene o te 1.602 x 10^-19 coulombs, e taurite ana i te utu o te irahiko engari he rerekē te polarity.
Ko te maha o ngā porotana i roto i te karihi, e mōhiotia ana ko te tau ngota (Z), e tautuhi ana i te huānga. Hei tauira, kotahi te porotana o te hauwai, ko tōna tau ngota he 1, ko te waro ia he ono ngā porotana, e rite ana ki te tau ngota he 6. Mā tēnei tau ngota te tuakiri me te tūranga o te huānga i runga i te ripanga ā-pūmotu.
Te Kaha Karihi Kaha
Ka herea ngā porotana i roto i te karihi e te kaha karihi kaha, tētahi o ngā kaha matua e whā o te taiao. Ahakoa tō rātou utu pai, e puta ai te ātete hiko i waenganui i a rātou, he kaha te kaha karihi kaha ki te pupuri i ngā porotana me ngā niutorone, ka hanga i ngā karihi pumau. Ka mahi tēnei kaha i te tawhiti tino poto, he rite ki te rahi o ngā karihi ngota.
Te Taunekeneke o ngā Irahiko me ngā Pūrotana
Te Pūmautanga o te Atomika
Ko te pumau o te ngota he taurite ngāwari i waenga i te kaha kukume e tukuna ana e ngā porotona me te taunekeneke whakarihariha a ngā irahiko tetahi ki tetahi. Ko te karihi, kei roto ngā porotona (me ngā neutrone i te nuinga o te wā), e kukume ana i ngā irahiko e karapoti ana, e pupuri ana i a rātou i roto i ō rātou porowhita. He mea nui tēnei kukume hiko pūmau mō te pumau whānui o te ngota.
Ina ōrite te maha o ngā porotana me ngā irahiko o te ngota, he kore hiko tōna. Heoi, ki te whiwhi, ki te ngaro rānei ngā irahiko, ka huri te ngota hei iona. Ka puta ngā iona utu pai (ngā kationa) ina ngaro ngā irahiko o te ngota, ko ngā iona utu kino (ngā anion) ia ka puta ina whiwhi irahiko te ngota. He mahi nui tā ēnei iona i roto i ngā tauhohenga matū me te hanganga o ngā pūhui.
Te herenga matū
Ko te taunekeneke i waenga i ngā irahiko me ngā porotona te mea nui ki te hononga matū. I roto i ngā hononga honohono, ka tohaina e ngā ngota ngā takirua irahiko hei whakatutuki i ngā whirihoranga irahiko pumau, e rite ana ki ngā hau rangatira. Hei tauira, i roto i te ngota wai (H2O), ka tohaina e te hāora ngā irahiko me ngā ngota hauwai e rua.
I roto i ngā hononga ionic, ka whakawhitihia e ngā ngota ngā irahiko tetahi ki tetahi, ka hua ake te hanganga o ngā ion me ngā utu rerekē, ka kukume tetahi ki tetahi mā te hikohiko. Ko tētahi tauira o tēnei ko te konutai pūhaumāota (NaCl), ka ngaro te irahiko o te konutai hei ion Na+, ā, ka whiwhi te haurore i te irahiko hei ion Cl-, ka hua ake te hanganga o tētahi whatunga ionic pumau.
Te Hiranga o ngā Irahiko me ngā Pūrotana
I roto i te Matū
He mea nui ngā irahiko me ngā porotona ki ngā tauhohenga matū me te hanganga o ngā ngota. Mā rātou e tohutohu te taunekeneke, te whakakotahi, me te whakarerekētanga o ngā ngota, e whakamārama ana i ngā tukanga mai i ngā tauhohenga matū māmā rawa ki ngā ara matū koiora uaua. Ko te ripanga ā-pūmotu tonu kua whakaritea i runga i ngā āhuatanga o ēnei matūriki iti-ngota, hei ārahi i ngā kaimātai matū ki te matapae i te whanonga o ngā huānga.
I roto i te Hangarau me te Rongoā
Nā te mārama ki ngā irahiko me ngā pūrotana kua nui ngā whanaketanga hangarau. E whakawhirinaki ana ngā hikohiko ki te rere o ngā irahiko e whakahaeretia ana, ā, ka taea te whakawhanake i ngā rorohiko, ngā waea atamai, me ngā taputapu hiko maha. I roto i te rongoā, e whakawhirinaki ana ngā tikanga pēnei i te MRI ki te whanonga o ngā pūrotana i roto i te tinana hei whakaputa i ngā whakaahua ā-roto taipitopito, ka huri i ngā āheinga tātaritanga.
Opaniraa
Ko ngā irahiko me ngā porotona te tūāpapa o te hanganga me te whanonga ngota. Nā tā rātou kitenga me te māramatanga i muri mai ki ō rātou āhuatanga i whakatakoto te ara mō ngā whanaketanga i roto i te matū, te ahupūngao, me te maha atu o ngā mara pūtaiao. Mā te tūhura i ngā taunekeneke me ngā āhuatanga o ēnei matūriki iti-ngota, ka haere tonu ngā kaipūtaiao ki te wetewete i ngā mea ngaro o te ao, me te whakamahi i ō rātou mātauranga hei akiaki i te ahunga whakamua hangarau me te whakahōhonu ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki te ao tūroa.
